Spirituality in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Spirituality In separate Twains The Adventures Of Huckleberry FinnThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn, written by Samuel Clemens, is a novel that challenges the views of society and questions life through the eyes of an stripling boy. By sprinkling traces of spirituality and religious views throughout the story, Clemens creates a martyr-like profile for his lead character Huckleberry Finn. Huck uses his religious views as his own conscience and challenges the stead quo rules of his pious society to make his own decisions which leads him on a path to personal growth.Though Huck was not blessed with a loving family to thatched roof him the ways of the world, and instead grows up more independently, he was taught by many others that in Heaven ...all a body would have to do there was to go around all day long with a harp and sing, forever and ever (30). Of course, this is not an appealing image for an teen boy who fantasized about beingness in a gang of robbers with his friends. pe rchance even if it is appealing, it may seem out of possible reach to a boy who lives the life that Huck does- with a drunkard father, reading stories of murder and robbery, and witnessing the cruelty and injustice to slaves. Without a firm foundation and someone to discover him, Huck must continually rely on the pieces of information that he hears from others and his own observations which often leaves him confused and misinformed.One of the most noticeable traits of Hucks personality that reflect his opinion on religion and spirituality is that he often dismisses such popularly accepted beliefs as Moses (because he is dead), but will put his faith into a hairball that he believes is magic because it was taken from an oxens stomach and therefore he believes that it had a spirit inside of it, and it knowed everything (38). In fact, he even asks it about his father and supplies it with a fake coin for its services. possibly Huck truly believes in it, or he is searching for someth ing to believe in that he could depend on. In either case, he is wise replete not to give it his real dollar.Clemens gives the entire story a religious vibe through the continual use of phrases that relate to or have a biblical sense to them. Just one example of this is when Huck is describing his father after coming home from laying drunk in a trough the entire night before, and as Huck narrates A body would have thought he was Adam, he was all mud (44).Spirituality in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn EssaysSpirituality In Mark Twains The Adventures Of Huckleberry FinnThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn, written by Samuel Clemens, is a novel that challenges the views of society and questions life through the eyes of an adolescent boy. By sprinkling traces of spirituality and religious views throughout the story, Clemens creates a martyr-like profile for his lead character Huckleberry Finn. Huck uses his religious views as his own c onscience and challenges the circumstance quo rules of his pious society to make his own decisions which leads him on a path to personal growth.Though Huck was not blessed with a loving family to teach him the ways of the world, and instead grows up more independently, he was taught by many others that in Heaven ...all a body would have to do there was to go around all day long with a harp and sing, forever and ever (30). Of course, this is not an appealing image for an adolescent boy who fantasized about being in a gang of robbers with his friends. Perhaps even if it is appealing, it may seem out of possible reach to a boy who lives the life that Huck does- with a drunkard father, reading stories of murder and robbery, and witnessing the cruelty and injustice to slaves. Without a firm foundation and someone to teach him, Huck must continually rely on the pieces of information that he hears from others and his own observations which often leaves him confused and misinformed.One of the most noticeable traits of Hucks personality that reflect his opinion on religion and spirituality is that he often dismisses such popularly accepted beliefs as Moses (because he is dead), but will put his faith into a hairball that he believes is magic because it was taken from an oxens stomach and therefore he believes that it had a spirit inside of it, and it knowed everything (38). In fact, he even asks it about his father and supplies it with a fake coin for its services. Perhaps Huck truly believes in it, or he is searching for something to believe in that he could depend on. In either case, he is wise lavish not to give it his real dollar.Clemens gives the entire story a religious vibe through the continual use of phrases that relate to or have a biblical sense to them. Just one example of this is when Huck is describing his father after coming home from laying drunk in a privy the entire night before, and as Huck narrates A body would have thought he was Adam, he was al l mud (44).

The 360-Degree Performance Evaluation is More Effective than the Standa

Performance Evaluations as an Effective Measuring Tool There argon several types of evaluations used by public and non-public organizations. Unusually, procedure evaluations consist of the employee and the supervisor. However, the 360 Degree Performance requires more than the supervisors perspective. It should also include the co-workers point of view (by answering a simple set of questions). This evaluation enforces accountability and produces self-worth and a sense of fairness. Many performance evaluations are limited. However, in exploitation the 360 Degree Performance as a measuring tool, it has been found to be a more accurate way to evaluate an employees work performance.The put out is whether or not performance evaluations are an effective measuring tool for evaluating an employees knowledge and skills within the organization. Better yet, should employers use performance evaluations at all, or should they design personal organizational goals for each employee? Thi s research paper will examine the effectiveness of performance evaluations, from a narrow point of view (standardize evaluation) to a boarder outlook (360 degree performance evaluation), and by enforcing the accountability from management and the staff, in meeting the overall organizational goal.Article 27 (1) http//www.upte.org/tx/contract/art27perfeval.html defines performance evaluation as a constructive process to acknowledge the performance of a non-probationary career employee. An employees evaluation shall be sufficiently specific to avow and guide the employee in the performance of her/his duties. Performance evaluation is not in and of itself a disciplinary procedure. This procedure is usually provided by the Human Resource Depa... ...ss.Drucker, creature F. (1993). Post-Capitalist Society. New York HarperCollinsFox J. & Klein, C. (1996). The 360-Degree Evaluation If You Pay for Performance, Get Co-Workers in On Performance Reviews. Public Management,78 (11),p20. Hayward, Charles, Center for Leadership Development, Philosophy and Approach. weather vane 13 April 2015http//www.teamcld.com/Philosophy.htmMason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. Middletown, Best Practice 360 Degree Feedback Performance Appraisal/Merit System, December 17, 1999. Web 13 April 2015http//www.bmpcoe.org/bestpractices/external/mash/mash_18.htmlPanoramic Feedback, Objectives of Multi-Source Feedback, 1998-2000. Web 13 April 2015http//www.panoramicfeedback.com/internal/objective.htmQuinn, S. (1998). Putting the Human Back into Human Resources. Public Management, 80(9),p23.

On The Road- A Success? :: essays research papers

"On the route"- a success?So much open space- mile after mile of cities, towns, Waffle Houses, and a whole voltaic pile of whatnot. Theres such a feeling of freedom on a road trip, just sticking your head out the window to let the breeze of both place that passes, cover your face. So much is taken in, yet so little, you find its hard to stop to sleep or feed yourself. Youre driving to force somewhere, but that somewhere doesnt matter, all that matters is driving and letting the wind take you. Friends, yell at attractive people as you pass, Or fighting with family, argument about whos going to eat the last piece of string cheese. Its all about the moment and what you choose to do with it. "On the Road", a story written by Jack Kerouac, contains many such road trips during a time in life called the beat generation. Its an extraordinary tale of two modern men searching for things they dont even realize until they get to their destinations and when they reach those destinations all they sine qua non to do is drive.In first reading "On the Road", one might find it a touch absurd and slightly confusing. The writing goes in all directions and who is this Dean guy any counselling? Upon reading the impudent a second time theres this fascination with all the characters and their actions. The tale unfolds with Salvatore Paradise, called simply Sal. Sal is a writer, in his thirties, living in New Jersey (his whole life). He becomes obsessed (it seems) with a guy named Dean Moriarty. Dean is an interesting character- a con and a womanizer he still becomes a guy that readers would want to be pals with. Dean and Sal have an interesting relationship, but for the most part they seem like good friends. After Dean moves out of Sals apartment (after conning his office into it), he moves around, getting married and not really settling down. So this leads to Sal, out of sheer boredom, to pack some things and head out on a road trip, with no car and fifty bucks in his pocket. Off he goes on a wild adventure, coming to many stops along his way to California. From there the story gets kind of repetitive, with Sal going back and forth across the country and Dean still up to all his craziness.

Investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochl

Investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid at different concentrationsAimTo Investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate andHydrochloric Acid at different concentrations.Background KnowledgeI kip down from my knowledge of science, that by adding together acarbonate and an acid, that a salt, water and Carbon Dioxide areproduced. consequently in order to taproom the rate of reaction, single ofthese products needs to be measured, and the rate at which it isproduced can be used to define the rate of the reaction. The methodsthat can be used are either to measure the mass of the solution atintervals. Or to measure the produce of gas (Carbon Dioxide).PredictionUsing the known pee-peeulaACID + carbonATE SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATERI can predict the reaction of my experiment to beHYDROCHLORIC + CALCIUM CALCIUM + WATER + CARBONACID CARBONATE CHLORIDE DIOXIDEThe Chemical code is listed below2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H20 + CO2I think tha t as the molarity of the acid goes up, the amount of gasproduced give also go up.I have ground this on my knowledge that calcium carbonate does notreact in water. Therefore in solutions with little acid and morewater, the calcium carbonate will not react as much as it would inpure acid for example. To make each of the different strengths of theacid, water is added to a solution of 2M hydrochloric acid. Thereforein the 0.2 value, there will be a lot of water, and so it is notexpected that much gas will be produced.My predicted graph shows what I expect. On the x-axis, as the molarityincreases, the gas produced on the y-axis does likewise. However therewill be a point reached where the maximum limit of gas has beenprod... ...a devolve trend that as the molarity of theacid increases, the volume of carbon dioxide will also do the same.There is an even trend going up, with a great line to fit as theline of best fit.The reason for this pattern is the same as that that was made in th eprediction. As the concentration of the acid increases, there are moreHCl molecules and so there is more chance of the calcium carbonatemolecules colliding with these and so reacting to form calciumchloride. With the reaction occurring more often, the products willform in a greater quantity and so more carbon dioxide is produced.This reflects the rate of the reaction on the graph and proves myprediction and its theory correct.EvaluationAs the experiment was computer generated, it simulated how theexperiment would have been conducted. It accounted for human errors inall aspects of the expriment.

Truman Capotes Excessive Lying :: Truman Capote Pathological Liar Essays Papers

Truman hooded coats Excessive LyingTruman Capote once said, I dont care what anybody says about me, as long as it isnt true (Creative). Surely enough, Capote himself kept true to this statement throughout his life. According to Johnny Carsons ex-wife, Joanne Carson, whom Capote lived with near the end of his life, Capote would take her on imaginary trips to Paris, China, or Spain while in her front yard (Plimpton 422). plainly on a more serious note, Carson claims that Capote would fabrication about the simple facts about a party or an outing they had gone on (Plimpton 304). When confronted by Carson, Capote replied, If thats not the way it happened, its the way it should fix happened (qtd. in Plimpton 304). Eventually, Capotes lies caused his own friends to become his enemies when he published his book Answered Prayers that openly criticized them (Plimpton 338). But why did Capote lie so often? Was lying a disease or did he lie merely for entertainment purposes? Because of his ly ing patterns, one may easily infer that Capote was a pathological liar. But was he really?To begin, the definition of pathological actually means abnormal or grossly atypical. Therefore, a pathological liar prevaricates more frequently than the add up person or tells more abnormal lies. In most cases, pathological liars tell lies that are unplanned and impulsive (Hausman). These lies are usually very frantic stories that tend to serve no purpose except to impress people (Ford 133). As of now, psychiatrists are unsure whether or not pathological liars are fully capable of realizing if and when they are lying, so detecting whether or not a person is a pathological liar is a very difficult caper (Hausman). Since psychiatrists are not yet able to determine if pathological liars know when they are lying, Capote may or may not fit the definition of a pathological liar. According to Capotes aunt Marie Rudisill, Capote was extremely aware of his dishonesty (Park). For example, haphaza rd House Publishers repeatedly called Capote about the Answered Prayers manuscript (Park). every time, Capote would tell Random House that the manuscript was on his desk and he would bring it to them during the week (Park). But Rudisill claims that as soon as Capote talked to Random house, Hed call me on the phone and laugh like hell. Hed say I havent written a word of that thing, and I dont intend to write it (qtd.

Truman Capotes Excessive Lying :: Truman Capote Pathological Liar Essays Papers

Truman Capotes Excessive LyingTruman Capote once said, I dont c ar what anybody says about me, as long as it isnt true (Creative). Surely enough, Capote himself kept true to this statement throughout his life. According to Johnny Carsons ex-wife, Joanne Carson, whom Capote lived with near the end of his life, Capote would take her on imaginary trips to Paris, China, or Spain while in her front yard (Plimpton 422). But on a more serious note, Carson claims that Capote would lie about the saucer-eyed facts about a party or an outing they had gone on (Plimpton 304). When confronted by Carson, Capote replied, If thats not the way it happened, its the way it should have happened (qtd. in Plimpton 304). Eventually, Capotes lies caused his give birth friends to become his enemies when he published his book Answered Prayers that openly criticized them (Plimpton 338). But why did Capote lie so often? Was lying a disease or did he lie merely for entertainment purposes? Because of his lying p atterns, one may easily infer that Capote was a pathological liar. But was he actually?To begin, the definition of pathological actually means abnormal or grossly atypical. Therefore, a pathological liar prevaricates more frequently than the average person or secernates more abnormal lies. In most cases, pathological liars tell lies that are unplanned and impulsive (Hausman). These lies are usually very emotional stories that tend to run no purpose except to impress people (Ford 133). As of now, psychiatrists are unsure whether or not pathological liars are fully capable of realizing if and when they are lying, so detecting whether or not a person is a pathological liar is a very difficult task (Hausman). Since psychiatrists are not yet able to determine if pathological liars know when they are lying, Capote may or may not fit the description of a pathological liar. According to Capotes aunt Marie Rudisill, Capote was extremely aware of his dishonesty (Park). For example, Random House Publishers repeatedly called Capote about the Answered Prayers manuscript (Park). Every time, Capote would tell Random House that the manuscript was on his desk and he would bring it to them during the week (Park). But Rudisill claims that as soon as Capote talked to Random house, Hed call me on the phone and laugh like hell. Hed say I havent written a word of that thing, and I dont intend to write it (qtd.

Complexometric determination of water hardness Essay

IntroductionThe purpose of this experiment is to determine the hardness of a sample of irrigate (89). Water hardness cigarette be evaluated by an acid-base neutralization titration. (When an acid and a base are placed together, they react to neutralize the acid and base properties, producing a salt.) From the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction theory, the H+ cation of the acid combines with the OH- anion of the base to form water. In this titration experiment, there are no definitive acidic or basic agents beingness evaluated. This requires the use of the Lewis acid-base theory.Instead of specify acid-base reactions in terms of protons or other bonded substances, the Lewis definition defines a base (referred to as a Lewis base) to be a compound that can donate an negatron pair, and an acid (a Lewis acid) to be a compound that can receive this electron pair. Similarly, in either type of acid-base neutralization experiment, an indicator is used to display when the source is neutra lized. The standardized Na2EDTA water resolving is will be titrated against the unk presentlyn water sample (89). Upon neutralization, the unknown water samples metal cation electrons will lurch to the Na2EDTA solution and will subsequently remove the sodium from the EDTA. ( unnoticeable 89)2+ + Na2EDTA (Unknown 89)EDTA + 2Na+Water hardness is expressed in in milligrams per liter.ProcedureThe first thing to be do was to manufacture the 0.004 M Na2EDTA solution. This was done by adding 0.7319 g Na2EDTA to approximately 500 mL of DI water. I obtained a 50.0mL burret, a 10.00 mL and a 25.00 mL impartation pipette, and the unknown sample (89) from the stockroom. The 50.0 mL burret was set in the burret stand. The Na2EDTA was in the burret and CaCO3 solution was in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The CaCO3 solution was comprised of 10.00 mL of 1.000g CaCO3/mL, approximately 30mL of DI water, 2.5 3.5 mL of fan (ammonia/ammonium chloride), and 4 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator. Th e Na2EDTA was being titrated against the CaCO3 period simultaneously being mixed by a magnetic stir bar in the 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The titration was run to completion when theCaCO3 solution sullen from a violet to a blue color change.This was done three times for the standardization of the Na2EDTA. The titration for the now standardized Na2EDTA solution against the unknown water sample 89 follows a similar procedure as the first titration except the contents of the 250 mL differ. The Unknown sample solution was comprised of 25.00 mL of unknown, approximately 20 mL of DI water, 2.5 3.5 mL of buffer (ammonia/ammonium chloride), and 4 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator. The Na2EDTA was being titrated against the Unknown while simultaneously being mixed by a magnetic stir bar in the 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The titration was run to completion when the unknown solution turned from a violet to a blue color change. This was done three times to determine the hardness of water sam ple 89.Experimental Data & countings1). Na2EDTA & CaCO3 titration.Na2EDTA solution0.7319 g & 500 mL DI WaterTrial 1CaCo3 SolutionNa2EDTA Solution10 mL 1.000g CaCO3/L31 mL DI waterV0 = 0.60 mL3.4 mL caramel brownVf = 25.20 mL4 drops IndicatorV = 24.60 mLTrial 210 mL 1.000g CaCO3/L30 mL DI waterV0 = 0.60 mL3.3 mL BufferVf = 23.92 mL4 drops IndicatorV = 23.22 mLTrial 310 mL 1.000g CaCO3/L30 mL DI waterV0 = 0.50 mL3.3 mL BufferVf = 24.23 mL4 drops IndicatorV = 23.73 mL2). Na2EDTA & Unknown water sample 89 titration.Trial 1Unknown SolutionNa2EDTA Solution25 mL Unknown sample20 mL DI waterV0 = 0.88 mL3.0 mL BufferVf = 13.80 mL4 drops IndicatorV = 12.92 mLTrial 225 mL Unknown sample21 mL DI waterV0 = 18.60 mL3.1 mL BufferVf = 30.80 mL4 drops IndicatorV = 12.20 mLTrial 325 mL Unknown sample20 mL DI waterV0 = 30.80 mL2.9 mL BufferVf = 43.20 mL4 drops IndicatorV = 12.20 mLNa2EDTA molarity equationNa2EDTA VNa2EDTA molarity wind 1 = 24.6 mL0.0040 MTrail 2 = 23.22 mL0.0042 MTrail 3 = 23.73 mL0 .0042 MNa2EDTA mean molarityAbsolute DeviationTrail 1 = 0.0001 M Na2EDTATrail 2 = 0.0001 M Na2EDTATrail 3 = 0.0001 M Na2EDTAEstimated precisionEstimated precision = 0.1 ppt.Calculating Water Hardness (parts per million)M mol Na2EDTA = Na2EDTAmean = 0.0041 MTrail 1 V = 12.92 mL = 216.4 ppmTrail 2 V = 12.20 mL= 204.3 ppmTrail 3 V = 12.20 mL= 207.7 ppmParts Per Million Mean Calculation DiscussionThere are two tangibles that I feel may have affected the results of my calculations. The first was being able to use the transfer pipet correctly. I recall two trials where there was a combination of having bubbles in the pipet and adding an excess of the limiting reagent. The other struggle for me in this lab was being able to effectively determine the reactions completion by color change. An unnecessary excess of NaEDTA may have been added to determine the reactions completion. These two pitfalls in my method can explain for the error in my work.For practical purpose, water hardness values l ess than 60 ppm is soft, while water with more than than 200 ppm is considered hard. The analysis of my unknown sample came out to be 209 ppm, a hard water sample. To present some validity to my result, I can before long compare the water hardnesss of my unknown water sample to the 1.000 g CaCO3. The CaCO3 solution has a hardness of 1000 ppm and my calculated unknown has a hardness of 209 ppm. Since the CaCO3 has a higher hardness value, this is why it took more Na2EDTA to neutralize it in the first sets of titrations. This assures me that my calculated result should be less than 1000 pmm.

Flooding in South Africa

Assignment GEO 234 D Sonnekus 2011042526 Flooding In South-Africa A Deeper Insight to What Happens Around Us pic Photo Ivan Sonnekus 2012 mogul Page Number 1. Introduction3 2. The Nature Of Flooding3 3. The Main Causes Of Flooding In South-Africa4 4. The Effect Of increment On Flood Hazards in SA5 5. The Effect Of The scotch Status Of bulk Regarding Flood Hazards6 6. endpoint7 7. Bibliography8 1. IntroductionFloods play a study role in our e preciseday lives, and how we react to the daily changing climate is of course our modality of surviving our temperamental conditions. Floods determine our grammatical construction styles and play a very large role in the economy by content of devastating destruction and environmental distributor point specialists in terms of in alluvial sediment prevention. The hydrological definition for a flood states that a flood is a rise in water level in a stream to a peak point where after the water level ordain recede at a slower straddle (UNESCO-WMO 1974).Control winder and Word Text and Graphics.A flood event mountain be described as a flow of water in a stream constituting a distinct progressive rise, culminating into a crest, together with the recession that follows the crest (Linsley, 1942). In this Assignment I go away be explaining some find out features about implosion therapy regarding a South-African point of view. 2. The Nature of Flooding. Floods can be broken down into different classes or divisions between different types of floods in this section I will explain the main flood types and their nature.Floods can be divided between major floods, minor floods and flash floods. Major Floods In the event of a major flood the fill is typed by the overflowing of rivers and decametres by means of breaks in dikes, levees, decametre walls and other protective structures by uncontrollable releases of impounded water in reservoirs and by the accumulation of excessive runoff. In the case of a major flood t he floodwaters will cover a wide spread contiguous field of honor and will spread rapidly to adjoining beas of relatively lower elevations.The flooding will be deep in most incisions of the total flooded atomic number 18a and there is a loftyly perceptible current as the flood spreads to a greater extent. pic Minor Floods In the cause of a minor flood the inundation may or may non be due to overbanking. If there is no bank overflow, flooding happens due to the accumulation of excessive dig up run-off in lower lying flat areas. In these cases flooding will mostly be restricted to flood plains along a river channel or low-lying areas or terpelting depressions around the direct source of the flood.The flood water will be shallow and there may not be a perceptible flow apparent or present. Flash Floods Flash floods is as the name states a flood that happens relatively quick, ordinarily no more than 6 hours to a normal flooding clock time of 12 to 24 hours or longer. Flash flood s is the result of a short concentration time of the drainage catchment or a steep river cant, this means that the precipitation falling on a point in the catchment farthest from the river contracts a very short time to strike the river itself and be settle a part of the stream flow.Thus the amount of flow will rapidly increase and the water level will rise, when the capasity of the river/stream is exceeded the channel overflows and the result is a flash flood. pic 3. The Main Causes of Flooding in SA. South Africa was molarject to some intense floods over the last couple of years mainly as the result of cloud breaks and very heavy precipitation in very short time periods which leads to flooding of most small streams and rivers, what then leads to the larger rivers to flood.South Africa is withal a victim of the Southern Oscillation which leads to El-Nino dry conditions with high surface pressure and La-Nina low air surface pressure accompanied by frosty and wet weather. See n ext page for simple diagram illustration pic As a result of the Earth surface temperature to keep on move due to the greenhouse effect the results organism a more and more drastically changing macro climate which in turn leads to more rain and eventually will lead Earth into another Ice-Age but that is a topic for another day.The heavy rains on a constant basis keeps the rivers and dams total up to their limits so in the event of a heavy cloud break the already full rivers and dams cannot enclose all the extra water and all that water needs to go somewhere thus leading to floods, in most cases in South-Africa the floods will be flash floods. But there is as well as the chance of major floods in the form of a dam overflowing and then breaking the wall or even minor floods like in the December of 2012 the Ncandu River flowing through Newcastle KZN overreaches its banks and fills the Trim park with water at least 1-2 feet deep as the trim park is adjacent to the rivers. . The Effect of Development on Flood Hazards in SA Right around the world the population keeps growing at an alarming rate as the birth to mortality rate is not balanced which leads to a world population always wanting and needing to expand city and/or town borders. In this case the chances are very good that eventually there will be figing developments inside flood plains or lower laying terrain in the proximity of a dam or large volume of water.Thus the engineers of the modern world in developing countries like for instance South-Africa need to come up with new initiatives to improve building techniques to overcome the obstacle of flooding as the floods can be the cause of havoc among the inhabitants of developments at bottom flood plains or beneath the flood level, and alike cause a lot of structural and esthetic damage to a city or town. The MooiRivier Mall in Potchefstroom is a classic example of development within a flood reckon. The mall has been constructed on stilt type of tructure s that allows the river to flow through to a lower interjectneath the mall but the engineers along with environmental specialists sought to come up with a few ingenious plans to prepare for floods of High hazard (1 in 20 years), medium flood hazards (1in 50 years) and low flood hazard (1 in 100 years) by means of designing a drop away wall where if a certain amount of water flows into a catchment a buoy lifts up and triggers a release on the wall which allows for the brick wall to fall down and allow water to flow into an drainage water way down to the central collection point at the bottom most point of the parking lot back into a stream (the release weapon works on the same principal as a toilet bowls float valve). The parking lot has also been designed on a slope (no flat parking) to act as a funnel leading water away from the mall or danger zone and down into a sub stream or channel. The Mall had a few good tests in the last 5 years of its existence and the engineers and envi ronmental specialists did a good project to overcome the developing in a flood hazard obstacle (Jan-Albert Wessels. IAIA North-West, 2012. ) pic Picture (Viljoen, MF. The Application of flood lines in cut down use controll. 2009) 5. The Effect of The Economic Status of People Regarding Flood Hazards.Flooding can and let caused a lot of damage in the past and will continue to do so as the macro climate will keep changing in favor of floods so all we can to do is to prepare ourselves and adapt to the changes of climate, floods cost the head of states and countries a great deal of money to develop in flood plains as well as being prepared to deal with any floods and the alter up there after. But it is not just the wad on top that lose money, the lot who actually live in the house that gets sweep away or drive the car that rolls over or submerges, it is them that lead the most damage to their financial stance in life and 80% of the time it will be people from informal settlements or rural areas that lead the damage as they do not follow proper procedure to build their houses and then they build in areas of a high flood risk without them even knowing.Thus the counties management somehow needs to get it under control as they have tried to do the in the past and actually still trying to do with regard to the housing subsidiary they offer to people of South-Africa. 6. Conclusion My conclusion regarding floods in South-Africa is that our main floods are flash floods that happen as result of heavy rains from the La-Nina time period of the Southern Oscillation, we as the people of our field need to stand together to make a difference in preventing people to build in heartbreaking high flood risk areas and also need to convince the children of today in developing countries to come up with fresh and new ideas to overcome development issues in flood risk areas. A countries economic development also greatly depends on its readiness for fighting disaster situations a nd keeping a disaster under control.A country like South-Africa can suffer great losses financially as result of floods that could have been prevented by means of making use of the right infrastructure on the key areas in developed areas as well as developing areas. Flooding is a natural occurrence and will never be fully under control but the minds of today can shape the ideas of tomorrow with that I leave my mark on the topic of flooding in South-Africa. pic 7. Bibliography Anonymous. 2012. Causes and types of floods. Web http//kidlat. pagasa. dost. gov. ph/genmet/floods/cause_types. html. Accessed 14 marching music 2013 Department provincial and local Government. 2009. National Disaster management centre. Flood awareness. PDF 5p. Accessed 15 March 2013 Anonymous. 2011.La Nina Influenced Flooding in South Africa. AccuWeather. web http//www. accuweather. com/en/weather-news/la-nina-influenced-flooding-in/44853. Accessed 13 March 2013 SAPA. 2013. Floods Cause havoc across South Africa. Mail Guardian, Africas best read. web http//mg. co. za/article/2013-01-20-floods-cause-havoc-across-south-africa. Accessed 15 March 2013 Anonymous. 2013. Definition and nature of flood. web http//kidlat. pagasa. dost. gov. ph/genmet/floods/def_nature. html. Accessed 15 March 2013 SSC. 2011. The nature of flooding. Sunshine coast council, Queensland. web http//www. sunshinecoast. qld. gov. au/sitePage. cfm? code=flooding-nature. Accessed 13 March 2013 Department Provincial and Local Government, Prof Viljoen. MF, Swiegers. C. 2009. The application of flood lines in land use control. Disaster reduction conference. web http//conferences. ufs. ac. za/dl/userfiles/Documents/00000/134_eng. pdf. Accessed 14 March 2013 Times Live. (2011, February 2). web Urgent flood warning along Orange River. Accessed February 14, 2011. United Nations Integrated regional Information Networks. (2011, February 10). Southern Africa Risk of food insecurity in wake of floods. IRIN News. Accessed February 14, 2011. Anonymous. 2011. Floods in South Africa. Earth Observatory, NASA. webFlooding in South AfricaFLOODING IN SOUTH AFRICA INTRODUCTION The aim of this assignment is to give background information about flooding in South Africa. These would be carried out through the means of research on journal entries, web research and different literatures. The nature of flooding, the main causes of flooding, the effect of development of flooding hazards and the effect of the economic status of people regarding flooding hazards will be taken into consideration. Definition of key terms Flooding An overflow of water onto normally dry land.The inundation of a normally dry area caused by rising water in an existing waterway, such as a river, stream, or drainage ditch. Pounding of water at or near the point where the rain fell. Flooding is a longer term event than flash flooding it may last days or weeks (MRX webmaster, 2010). Flash flooding Flooding whereby it takes a very short peri od of time to form. In most cases flash floods few form and take place Nature of floods There are few places on Earth where people need not be concerned about flooding due to their location.Rain is not the only impetus for flood even a broken dam wall can be the stimuli of a flood. A flood occurs when water overflows or inundates land thats normally dry. This can happen in a multitude of ways. Most common floods are when rivers or streams overflow their banks. Excessive rain, a ruptured dam or levee, rapid ice melting in the mountains, or even an unfortunately placed beaver dam can overwhelm a river and address it spreading over the adjacent land, called a floodplain. Coastal flooding occurs when a large storm or tsunami causes the sea to surge inland (National Geographic Society, 2011).Most floods take hours or days to develop, giving residents enough time to prepare or evacuate. Others happen quickly and with little warning. These flash floods can be extremely dangerous and cause major damage to the landscape and the habitants of such an area. Disaster specialists have heterogeneous ways of classifying floods according to their likelihood of occurring and the intensity of the flood. A hundred-year flood, for example, is an extremely large, unwholesome event that would theoretically be expected to happen only once every century.But this is a theoretical number. In reality, this classification means there is a one-percent chance that such a flood could happen in any given year. Over recent decades, possibly due to global climate change, hundred-year floods have been occurring worldwide with frightening regularity (National Geographic Society, 2011) MAIN CAUSES OF FLOODING IN SOUTH AFRICA South Africa has been experiencing above average rainfall since December 2010 that has caused devastation on a scale the country has not seen in many years .This unusual weather pattern is caused by the La Nina effect, and the resulting floods have caused unprecedented ruf fle of services, displacement of people, loss of livelihoods and even worse, loss of life . it is reported that over 20, 000 people have been affected by floods and an estimated 40 people have died. A national state of disaster has been declared in 28 district municipalities in 7 provinces, with more affected areas being reported THE EFFECT OF growing ON FLOOD HAZARDS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Floods caused havoc across South Africa .Heavy rain in a short period of time in the part of South Africa, caused more than hundreds of people to be homeless by heavy flooding. Floods caused many to seek refuge on rooftops and on trees. This catastrophe killed more than hundreds of people causing the death toll to rise. Recently these floods caused evacuation of the Kruger National, a game reserve in Northern South Africa. Floods also covered some farmlands and crops were killed as a result forcing farms to close. Most of the roads, dams and large buildings were damaged. Due to flooding some mines wer e forced to close, this the case of a coal mines in Limpopo. THE EFFECT OF THE ECONOMIC locating OF PEOPLE REGARDING FLOOD HAZARDS. Floods frequently causes major infrastructure damage of roads, railway lines, electricity sum systems, water supply and sewage disposal systems. Bribges over rivers are particularly exposed to damage and disruption of transportation systems follows. The economic effects of flooding are often greater than the flood itself. (Parker 2000) According to Parker (2000) because floods frequently pulverise crops and livestock, food shortages are not uncommon in the aftermath.Floods may affect food availability in a number of ways. Food stocks may be damaged if storage areas are flooded. Serious flooding usually disrupts transportation of food deficit areas, particularly in towns, which are cut off from supply sources and have inadequate food stock. Impacts of flooding may hinder the economic growth and development that is the high cost of relief and recovery m ay adversely impact investment in infrastructure and other development activities in the area and in certain cases may cripple the frail economy of the of the region.Recurrent flooding in a region may discourage long-term investments by the government and private sector alike. Lack of livehoods, combined with migration of skilled labour and puffiness may have a negative impact on a regions economic growth. Loss of resource can lead to high costs of goods and services, delaying its development programmes. (Drep operation international federation of Red Cross and crescent societies). Figure 2 three kid were during floods in Limpopo CONCLUSIONAs discussed under various perspectives, it is clear from the assignment that floods had adverse impact on the socio-economic status of livehoods for people in South Africa more especially the residents of Limpopo. It is also evident that there are varying underlying causes of floods i South Africa. Places near the flood event are the most suscept ible to the dangers of the floods. Proximity of these places and poverty were identified as being the main cause of vulnerability of people REFERENCES Drep Operation International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, 1.February. 2011. MRX webmaster, 2010. National Weather Services. Online Available at http//www. srh. noaa. gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef. php Accessed 13 March 2013. National Geographic Society, 2011. Natural Disasters floods profile. Online Available at http//environment. nationalgeographic. com/environment/natural-disasters/floods-profile/ Accessed 12 March 2013. Parker, J. D2000. floods. Tangler and Francis, National Academy Press, Asian Disaster readying Centre, Thailand. SAPA. 2013. Floods causes havoc across South Africa, Mail and Guardian, 20 January 2013.

Amadeus Training Manual

Training Module Edition 1. 0 Travel function Basic Functionality Course Copyright AMADEUS Development Company All right Reserved Edition 1. 0 Published & bulls eyeed by Amadeus Pakistan 1st Floor, Service Ext. beau monde Building Mereweather Road Karachi Fax + 9221 5674682 www. pk. amadues. com Table of Contents Welcome .. About Amadeus .. .. Where is Amadeus Located .. Course Objectives Introduction to the Amadeus Selling Platform conniption Where Do I Go for attention ? .. .. Whats This? . .. How To.. . . .. Introduction to Amadeus prospect.. . . Signing In .. .. . . . Signing-In Message.. .. .. .. . . Signing Out .. .. . .. manoeuvering with the written summon .. . .. Graphic Page Tabs .. . .. often Used Icons .. .. Making a Reservation .. Create a PNR from a visibleness . .. . .. Making an Air Booking . .. .. . .. Making a repast postulation .. .. . .. Reserving a Hotel .. . .. Pricing the Itinerary .. .. . ..Printing the Itinerary and Ticket . . .. .. Saving the PNR .. .. . .. Customizing the Graphic Page . .. The reign everywhere Page. . Working with the domination Page .. . .. Speed agency .. .. . . Customizing the Command Page.. .. . . Amadeus Vista flip Keys .. .. .. . Public gifted Keys .. Creating fresh Keys . . . Testing a Smart Keys .. . . . Amadeus Basic Functionality Course Signing In and Signing Out . arrange Training . .. Amadeus Work Areas . unc overing the Mini-Office profile . .. Amadeus Information Pages . Amadeus Information System (AIS) . .. AIS Scrolling Commands . Online Help System .. . .. Online Help Scrolling Commands .. . Encoding and Decoding. .. .. .. Encoding City and Airport name calling .. .. Decoding City and Airport formulas . .. . Encoding and Decoding Countries .. . Decoding States and Provinces .. . Encoding and Decoding Airlines.. .. .Encoding and Decoding Equipment. Encoding and Decoding political machine Companies.. . 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 11 12 12 12 13 14 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 27 28 29 31 33 34 35 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 47 47 48 48 48 49 -i- Encoding and Decoding Hotel reachs.. . . Minimum Connecting Time . . . Date and Time Calculations .. . . . Amadeus Air Availability ostentations. . . Access Indicators . Availability Options .. .. . Availability Scrolling Commands .. .Dual-City Pair .. . unionize Access .. . Schedule intro .. . . .. Timetable Display .. . .. . .. Flight Information . .. . .. Timatic . PNR. Itinerary Elements .. . .. . .. Short Sell .. .. . Long Sell .. . Waitlist Segment .. .. . Open Segment .. .. . arrival Unknown Segment .. Ghost Segment .. . . Rearranging Segments .. .. . Name Element .. . . .. . .. Teleph champion Contact Element .. .. . .. Ticketing Arrangement Elements .. .. .. Received from Elements . .. .. End dealing .. . Ignore Transaction . . Combining PNR Elements .. .. .. Retrieving a PNR .. .. retrieval within a PNR .. .. .. . hunt club by Flight . .. .. .. Other / Optional PNR Elements . .. .. Other Service Information .. .. . Remarks Elements . .. .. ..General Remark .. . mysterious Remark . .. . Itinerary Remark . .. .. . modified Service Request . .. .. Meal Request . .. . .. . Special Message . . . .. . Advance piazza . .. . .. . Seat Wish . .. . Seat Request . .. . .. .. . Seat Maps .. .. . . .. . Frequent Flyer .. .. . . .. . Passport Information . . . .. . APIS New SSR DOCS/DOCO/DOCA . Manual ticket egress .Address Elements .. . Option Element . Modifying a PNR . . Canceling PNR Elements .. . Modifying PNR Elements modify a Name . Re bulking a Segment split a PNR 49 49 50 51 52 55 56 57 57 59 61 62 64 68 71 72 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 76 77 78 79 79 80 80 82 82 83 84 84 85 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 92 94 95 95 98 99 100 101 102 103 -ii- PNR History . . History Options History Codes .. Amadeus Advance Functionality . .. Unaccompanied Minor .. .. . . .. Non-Homogeneous PNR .. .. . . . Copying a PNR .. .. . . . . Creating a Group PNR .. .. . . . . Non Homogeneous Condition .. .. .. . . dissever Names in a Group PNR . .. .. . . Printing an Itinerary .. .. . . website of NMC Pakistan . .. .. . . Check my Trip . .. .. . . Avoid multiple entries in single EOT . .. . . . Past Date PNR Retrieval .. .. .. . . Claiming a PNR consists of two steps . .. Responsible Office . .. .. . . Married Segment .. .. . .. . . PNR Security .. .. .. . . Amadeus Queues . Queues . .. Date Ranges . .. Queue Handling . .. Queue Count Entries . . Queue sustain Entries . .. Queue Processing Entries . . .. Queue Print Entries . .. Queue Placement . .. Sending a Queue Message .. Amadeus F ar Quote and Informative Pricing . .. Help .. .. . F are Quote Display . .. . Fare Quote Display Option .. Requesting a Fare Type . .. .. . Fare Quote Notes .. . .. Fare Quote Routing . .. . .. watercourseness Conversion .. .. . .. IATA grade of Ex smorgasbord .. . .. Mileage Calculation . .. . .. Excess Baggage Charges .. . . .. Informative Pricing .. .. . .. Pricing an Itinerary .. .. .Adding Options . Itinerary Pricing . .. .. . .. Pricing recapitulation accomplishments .. .. . Pricing an Itinerary and creating a TST . . Pricing Options .. .. . .. Pricing by fare basis .. . . .. pick outing a fare and creating a TST . .. Best Buy . .. . .. machine-driven Pricing and Rebooking Pricing and Manual Rebooking .. .. Displaying the Lowest Possible Fare .. Amadeus Email . .. Setting up your terminal .. . Sending an Email with free flow text edition message . 04 105 106 109 110 110 111 111 112 113 114 114 114 115 115 115 115 116 116 117 118 cxx 120 120 121 121 122 122 123 125 126 126 127 128 129 129 130 130 131 132 132 132 134 one hundred thirty-five 135 135 137 138 139 139 139 140 141 143 gross 144 -iii- Specifying Email title .. . . Email Itinerary . .. Email Contact Element. Sending Amadeus display .. . Requesting a detailed display . Sending appended text files . .. Displaying a particular message .. .. Deleting a Particular message . .. Adding a resolution to address Display a reply to address .. Delete a reply to address .. .. Message Log . . .. Amadeus Email Directory . .. Printing a message . .. Amadeus Hotel. .. . Hotel .. .. . Encoding and Decoding a Hotel Chain .. . Amadeus Information Pages . .. . Requesting Help .. .. . Hotel List display .. . . Hotel availability and rates display .. . Multi-Company Availability and Rates DisplayRoom-Type Codes Bed-Type Codes . Rate-Type Codes . Single-Property Display . Hotel availability option decrees . . . Availability and Rates from a PNR Hotel features display .. . . Hotel terms display .. .. . Hotel Pricing and Features Display Hotel rate change display .. .. . Hotel sell . . . Hotel sell option codes .. . Modifying a hotel element . . Amadeus Car.. Car.. Encoding and Decoding a Car Company. Amadeus Information Pages . .. . Requesting Help .. .. Car Location List Display Car avai lability and Rates Display Multi-Company Display. Single-Company Display Car Availability and Rates from a Flight Segment Car-Type Codes .. Car Terms.. Car Sell . . Short Sell . . . Special Equipment . Modifying a Car Element Amadeus Customer Profile .. Amadeus Customer Profiles Course ..Accessing and exiting profile mode . .. . Profile End Transaction . . .. . 144 144 144 144 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 146 146 146 147 148 148 148 148 148 149 150 152 153 153 153 155 157 157 157 157 158 158 159 161 163 164 164 164 165 165 167 168 170 173 174 175 176 177 177 181 183 185 186 186 186 -iv- Profile Ignore .. . .. . Creating a customer profile .. Creating a traveler profile .. .. . Displaying customer profiles .. . Creating a company profile . . Displaying a customer profile by record locator. Creating a profile from a PNR Creating a profile from a Profile Displaying Information Section.. Displaying a list of companies .. Displaying a list of travelers Displaying a list of travel ers associated to a Company Deactivating a customer profile. Reactivating a customer profile .. .. Accessing and exciting profile notes . .. Amadeus Travel partner .. . Amadeus Travel Assistant . .. Provider List . .. . Insurance Products List . . .. . Product Feature . . .. .Insurance Sell . . .. Information adding/modification of an Informative pricing .. Confirm the insurance pricing Cancellation . . .. . Print / Display Insurance . .. . Information scallywags . .. . Amadeus Central Ticketing Course. .. Ticketing Table Area Reporting Plan . .. Ticketing agreement table. . . .. Itinerary Pricing.. Pricing Follow up transactions.. Pricing an Itinerary and Creating a TST.. Pricing Options.Select Fare and Creating a TST. Fare Remarks Element.. .. Mandatory Elements for PNR.. Published Fare Validating Carrier. Travel theatrical commission Form of hire Endorsement & Restrictions. Tour Code Net Remit Fare. Validating Carrier. Travel agency commission Tour Code Form of Pay ment Endorsement & Restrictions. Manual Ticket Number.. Automatic Ticket Number..Automatic Amadeus Interface record Sequence Transmission Control Number.. Transitional Stored Ticket. Displaying a TST. 186 187 187 187 187 188 188 188 189 189 189 189 190 190 190 191 192 192 192 192 192 193 194 194 194 194 195 196 196 196 196 196 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 201 201 201 201 202 202 202 -v- Canceling a TST.. Displaying TST History occult TST.. Updating TST Issuing TicketsDocument wedge.. Display Document Bank. Registration Ticket Stock. Ticket Stock Next. Deleting Document Bank Sales Report.. Display the Daily report. Display query report.. Displaying the transaction report.. Displaying the net remit report.. Display the contingent Sales Period Report.. Display the summary Sales Report Period. Manual Document Registration.. Registering a cancellation of an inventory type document.. Cancellation of a Sales To Cancel a Sales.Reinstating a Cancelled Sale Print Queue. . Display item on the Print waiting line Ticket Delivery Mechanism Ticket Quota. Amadeus Electronic Ticketing .. . Help Pages.. E Ticketing agreement Table Issuing E Ticket.. Published Fares. . . Form of Payment Tour Code Net Remit Fare. Form of Payment Tour Code Travel agency commission..Conditions to issue a E ticket TTP To Reprint accounting coupons. To display E ticket record.. To void E ticket. Flight status code To print ITR.. Revalidation Splitting To change ticket status to Refund.. 202 203 203 204 204 205 205 205 205 205 206 206 206 206 206 207 207 207 207 207 207 207 208 208 208 208 209 210 210 210 211 211 211 212 212 212 212 212 213 214 214 215 215 215 216 216 216 -vi- Welcome Welcome to your Amadeus Basic Course.This course is designed for travel agents who have not characterd a discipline processing system Reservation System (CRS) or have recently joined the travel industry. It can overly be used by travel agents who are converting from one re servation system to an different. 1 About Amadeus The leading provider of IT solutions to the travel and tourism industry Within a very short timeframe, Amadeus has become a world leader in providing the travel industry with superior solutions to manage the distribution and selling of travel services. We regularly enhance our products and services with the benefit of introduce from our various customer groups who actively participate in forums.This way we ensure that the solutions we offer fulfill the required expectations. Our products and services are used by our pellucid customer groups in differing ways. Nearly 75,000 travel agencies and more than 11,000 airline sales offices use the Amadeus System to dominate their business. Many of the industrys leading travel service providers use our modular technology to optimize their distribution and internal operational requirements. Our tagline, Your technology partner, reflects the approach we harbor towards our clients. We focus o n building and maintaining mutually just long-term relationships.Through this stability we develop a deep understanding of where we can maximize our clients success and all this is provided via the outstanding customer service that forms the backbone of the Amadeus experience. Amadeus, a truly global company Amadeus has established a global presence for the world-class service it delivers 75 local Amadeus commercial organizations present in over 215* markets worldwide 5 regional centers 3 Research & Development centers 6,500 employees and above over 100 nationalities in our central sites alone we power over 120 airlines from around the world 2 Where is Amadeus Located?Amadeus is the leading provider of technology solutions to the travel and tourism industry. Our central sites are in Madrid (Corporate Headquarters & Marketing), overnice (Development) and Erding (Operations). Our regional offices assist our sales and marketing offices in marketing, Helpdesk support and custom er service. They also coordinate commercial relationships with Amadeus providers in their region. We have regional provide and marketing centers in Miami, Bangkok and Buenos Aires Today, there are 75 local and regional offices covering front-line activities in more than 215 markets 3 Course ObjectivesUpon completion of this course, participants testament be able to Operate in the Amadeus Vista Selling Platform and Pro-web environment Display general information in the Amadeus Information System Display airline availability, schedules and timetables Book, waitlist and cancel airline reservations Construct a Passenger Name Record Retrieve and modify Passenger Name Record information exhaust an itinerary Request a fare display Price a PNR itinerary 4 Introduction to the Amadeus Selling Platform Vista 5 Where Do I Go for Help? Amadeus Vista Online Help provides you with both sector-level and task-based help.Different options on the Help menu are available to you depending o n where you are in Amadeus Vista. Whats This? Whats This? provides you with a description of a fields purpose and defines related terms. To display field-level help 1. 2. 3. Place your cursor in any field and press F1 on your keyboard. This will display a duologue box containing information nearly the field or option. To re make the information, gyre down. To constraining the dialog box, click on in the top-right corner. How To How To provides you with instructions on how to perform a task, as well as related tasks, and background information.To display task-based help 1. 2. put over on the question mark and select How To. Scroll through the list of topics and click on the one you are interested in to expand it. The information usually a list of numbered steps, will be displayed. Similarly, you can collapse a topic by clicking on it again. Then, you can choose another topic. To close the dialog box, click on in the top-right corner. 3. 4. 6 Introduction to Amadeus Vista With Am adeus Vista, the Amadeus browser-based reservations system, you can book reservations through a graphical interface called the Graphic page or by entering formats in the Command page.Here are some of the features Amadeus Vista offers Graphic page Translates Amadeus System functionality into a fill-in-theblanks interface with graphical responses that are easily understood. You can book and price flights, reserve hotel rooms and cars, and view information on a full range of travel services. Pop-up instructions and explanations take the novice user. If you are familiar with Amadeus System formats, you can enter them in the Command page. Displays field-level and task-based help. Customizable legal documentbar buttons that send formats automatically. Command page Amadeus Vista Online Help Amadeus Vista Smart KeysAmadeus Vista also provides advanced features such as interactive seat maps, Travel Choice and Amadeus Insurance. Additional Amadeus products, such as Cruise, Ferry, +QC, +Ace and Ticket author can also be integrated into the Amadeus Vista subject fielding environment according to the needs of the agency. 7 Signing In You can log into Amadeus Vista by pursuit these steps 1. Launch Amadeus Vista. The sign-in windowpane appears. 2. 3. 4. 5. go in your agent sign and initials. For example 0001AA Select your duty code from the drop-down list. Enter your password. Enter a password in the New Password field to change your current password.If you do not demand to change your password, leave this field blank. Under Work areas, select the check box for the areas you want to sign in. Select the Practice Training check box, if you want to sign in to Practice Training. Click on Sign In. The next time that you sign in, your sign is automatically pre-filled. 6. 7. 8. Note 8 Sign-In Message When you sign in, informative messages are displayed. For more information about one of the messages, click on . Otherwise, click on OK. Signing Out To sign out of Amadeus Vista 1. Click on the tab at the canful of the screen for the area you are working in. 2. Click on Sign-out.You cant sign out if you have an active PNR in your work area. 9 To close Amadeus Vista 1. Click on the Amadeus Vista menu. 2. 3. Click on Exit. To close the Amadeus Vista window, click on of the screen. in the upper-right corner 10 Working with the Graphic Page The Graphic page is the main area in Amadeus Vista. In the page, you can access most of the Amadeus system functions by clicking on one of the tab at the top of the screen. Each tab represents an area of the Amadeus system. If you are not sure what a tabs picture represents, hold your mouse pointer over it for a few seconds and you will see a tool tip or description.The Graphic page also gives you access to work areas A-F, you click on the tabs at the bottom of the screen. Having different work areas allows you to work on different tasks at the same time. You will need to sign into each new work area. Command page Air Hote ls Fares Doc. Print Help Vista Menu AIS Insurance PNR Car Profile Queue Work Area Tabs 11 Graphic Page Tabs PNR TAB- The first tab you normally see when you open Amadeus Vista. You can use it to create, retrieve, modify and claim PNRs. DOCUMENT TAB- This feature helps in display, fax or print invoices, itineraries and print tickets.PROFILE TAB- This can use the Open screen to retrieve traveler or company profiles. You can also add, update and delete profile elements or transfer profile elements to a PNR. AIS TAB- Access to the Amadeus Information System. AIR TAB- By clicking we can view availability, flight information and make reservations. CAR TAB- To convey out details of rental cars available for passengers traveling to other designations. HOTEL TAB- To book a hotel or obtain information about hotels and other kinds of accommodation. AMADEUS INSURANCE TAB- You can review and book various types of travel insurance policies.FARE TAB- To find fare, price a PNR or store a fare. QUE UE TAB- To display stand up counts and perform a variety of queue functions including queue messages and printing. oftentimes Used Icons The following table provides a list of the most frequently used icons Clears all fields and reset values to the default Closes the input window Moves to the previous/next page MU/MD Reopens the input window Modifies the selected line Deletes the selected line Making a Reservation In the following scenario, a traveler, Mr. Johnson, wants to fly from capital of the United Kingdom to Los Angeles on business class.He would like to placate for one week in a hotel and rent a car. Here are the steps that you can take to make a simple reservation for him in the Graphic page. Creating a PNR from a profile Making an air booking Making a meal request Reserving a hotel Making a car booking Pricing the itinerary Printing the itinerary and tickets Saving the PNR 12 Creating a PNR from a Profile You can create a PNR from an existing profile by followi ng these steps 1. 2. 3. 4. Click on the PNR tab. Click on the from Profile sub-tab. Enter Mr. Johnsons profile information. Click on Send.The PNR is whence displayed. 13 Making an Air Booking You can book the flights for Mr. Johnson for his trip to Los Angeles. 1. 2. Click on the Air tab. Enter the flight information, such as the From field, To field and departure date. 3. 4. Click on to air the dual availability input screen. Enter the details for the return flight. By default, the From field, To field and departure date are the same as the outbound flight, but you can modify any field if necessary. 5. Click on Search to display the Availability screen. The outbound and return availability displays are shown on the same screen.Use the toolbar of each availability to move to the previous, next day or to scroll through the screens. 14 6. Click on the classes of service for the flights he wants to book. 7. Click on Sell to book the segment. The flights you have booked are past disp layed, along with the mini-itinerary. 15 Making a Meal Request Mr. Johnson would like to reserve a vegetarian meal. 1. Click on the PNR tab. 2. In the Services section, click on the Meal icon . 3. Select the type of meal from the drop-down list, in this case VGML. 4. Click on Send. 16 Reserving a Hotel Now we can reserve a hotel for Mr.Johnsons stay in Los Angeles. 1. Click on the Hotel tab. Most of the information is pre-filled, however, Mr. Johnson would like to stay at the Hyatt, enter the code in the Preferred Chain(s) field. 2. 3. Click on Availability. From the sixfold Hotel Display, click on the specific hotel that you want to book, therefore on Rates. 17 4. From the input screen that appears, enter any other booking details if necessary, then click on Rates. 5. 6. From the Single Hotel Display, select the appropriate rate code. Click on Book. 7. If prompted, specify a guarantee, then click on Send to book the room. 8 Pricing the Itinerary You can now price the itinerary by following these steps 1. 2. Click on the Fare tab then click on the Price PNR sub-tab. Click on Send. The ticket image for the PNR is then displayed. 19 Printing the Itinerary and Ticket Now that all the segments are booked and the PNR has been priced, you can print the itinerary and tickets . 1. 2. 3. Click on the Doc Print tab. In the Ticket sub-tab, select the ticket options and the type of itinerary that you want to print. Click on Send. 20 Saving the PNR To finish by saving the PNR 1. 2. 3. Click on the PNR tab.Click on the PNR Save icon the down arrow. . To access other save options, click on Select the Save option that you want to use. 4. Click on Send. 21 Customizing the Graphic Page You can customize the tabs in Amadeus Vista by using the Options dialog box. To do this 1. Click on the Amadeus Vista menu from the screen header. 2. Select Options. The Options dialog box is displayed From this window, you can claim which Graphic page tab will appear first when you open Amade us Vista. (You select it in the Default column. ) Reorder your tabs by selecting a tab and then using the to move it. and buttonsSelect the Preload check box option to quickly load the tabs you use most. Restore the default settings by using the Reset button. 22 The Command Page 23 Working With the Command Page If you are familiar with cryptic formats, you can use the Command page to process transactions in the Amadeus system. To access the Command page, click on the Command Page tab. There are thirteen tools available in the Command page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Component 1) PAUSE SMART find 2) RESUME SMART KEY 3) STOP SMART KEY 4) OPEN SMART KEY EDITOR 5) PREVIOUSLY SENT AMADEUS COMMANDS 6) unclutter PAGE 7) CLEAR ALL PAGES 8) SPLIT WINDOWIdentifies Pauses the current Smart Key. Resumes the current Smart Key. Stops the current Smart Key Opens the Smart Key Editor, which allows you to create, modify, copy and delete Smart Keys. Displays a list of previously sent commands tha t you can modify and resend Clears the current screen. Clears the current screen and buffer. Splits the window into two work areas. A horizontal ottoman bar appears and you can change the size of each area. Customizes your Command page colors and fonts Selects the current screen and buffer. Copies the selected area. Pastes the selected text into a file or an e-mail.Prints the current screen. 9) CUSTOMIZE 10) SELECT ALL 11) COPY 12) PASTE 13) PRINT SCREEN 24 Speed Mode Speed Mode is a useful tool that will help you decrease the time you spend making reservations by allowing you to use your mouse more often while in the Command page. To touch off Speed Mode, click on the Customize icon, and select the Configuration tab. Select the Speed Mode check box, then click on OK. When Speed Mode is activated, a toolbar appears with buttons for commonly used formats. In certain displays, Air Availability for example, the display items are shown in different colors.You can use the buttons on th e toolbar to run formats based on the information in these items. For example, in the display below you can click on the FQD (Fare Quote Display) button, and then double-click on line 1. 25 With just a few clicks, Amadeus Vista will send a format to the system for you. In this case, it will pick up the date and urban center pairs from the flight on line 1. The response is a Fare display. Notice that the Speed Mode buttons have changed according to the new display. Try this a few times to familiarize yourself with how it works. If you need help at any time, press the spacebar and F1 keys simultaneously to display help. 6 Customizing the Command Page Amadeus Vista gives you the ability to change the color scheme and fonts on your Command page. To customize your Amadeus Vista Command page 1. On the Amadeus Vista Command page toolbar, click on Customization Web Page dialog box appears. . The 2. 3. 4. Select your Background/Foreground colors from the drop-down menu. Under Font Assignmen t, select the name, style, and size of your fonts. You will see a preview in the sample text on the right. From the Configuration tab, select which graphical displays you want to use, for example Seat map or TST.You can also activate or disactivate Speed Mode. Click on OK when you have finished. Amadeus Vista closes the Customization dialog and displays the desktop with the new settings. 5. 27 Amadeus Vista Smart Keys Smart Keys are customizable toolbar buttons that send formats automatically to the Amadeus system. Amadeus Vista comes with 21 pre-defined Smart Keys, called Public Smart Keys, for frequently used formats. Additionally, agents in your office with a supervisor (SU) duty code can create Office Smart Keys for all agents in the office to use. You can also create My Smart Keys for personal use. Public Smart KeysHere is a description of the Smart Keys that come with Amadeus Vista Component ET ER RT IG IR TQT XI MD MU QT QD QN QI QU RL AP ARNK FXX HE/ RH TTP Identifies End t he transaction End transaction and redisplay the PNR Redisplay the current PNR Ignore the PNR Ignore the PNR and redisplay it Display the TST for the PNR Cancel the itinerary Move down Move up Display a queue count Delay to the bottom of the queue Remove from the queue and display next Ignore and exit queue Redisplay message from queue Display airline system record locator Add a phone contact Add an ARNK (Arrival Unknown) segment Price a PNR without creating a TST Display format-sensitive help Display PNR History Print a ticket 28 Creating Smart KeysSmart Keys can make your job easier by automating certain tasks such as displaying availability and fares. The following is an example of a Smart Key that displays availability and fares in a split screen. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. In the Command page click on to open the Smart Key Editor. Enter a name for your Smart Key (no spaces) in the Smart Key name field. For this example, lets use AVL_FQD. Enter a name for your Smart Keys button in the La bel field. It should be four letters long, no spaces. Lets use AVFQ. Select My Smart Keys or if you are a supervisor and want your whole office to be able to use this Smart Key, select Office. Enter a short description of your Smart Key in the Description field. In the Definition text box,

Nigeria and South Africa Essay

The literature review was crucial to this dissertation since it was the major part of the dissertation that examined several second-string sources and reinforced the aim which is to critically contemplate and investigate the extent to which physical base has influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria compared to southwest Africa. This dissertation has an adapted meter reading of Handys (1994) Product Lifecycle Model because it shows the development of physical infrastructure in regards to accessibility within Nigeria and South Africa.This dissertation also has Butlers TALC Model (1980) to demonstrate the development of tourism in Nigeria and South Africa. The dissertation assesses the impacts of the 3 As accessibility, Amenities and subsidiary go by comparing Nigeria to South Africa. The dissertation responds whether physical infrastructure has positively or negatively influenced Nigeria and South Africas tourism industries. This dissertation also includes the Travel and tour ism Competitiveness Index indicators and the Global Competitiveness index indicators in order to compare the infrastructure rankings in Nigeria and South Africa.There are conclusions which evaluate what the police detective found throughout the dissertation. The recommendations stem from what the look forer discovered and discussed in the conclusions within the dissertation. Aim and Objectives Aim To critically analyse and investigate the extent to which physical infrastructure has influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Objectives To scrutinise secondary research which discusses the state of physical infrastructure.To assess the impacts of the 3 As in Nigeria in comparisons to South Africa. To find out whether physical infrastructure had a positive or negative influence on both countries tourism industries. To critically analyse competitiveness indicators in relation to other data sources. To make several recommendations based on the conclusions in th is dissertation. Rationale The main purpose of this dissertation is to answer the question- How has physical infrastructure influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria in comparison to South Africa?There are various springs to why this dissertation is being written. The runner reason is there is a gap in academic literature seeing that there is no existing research that compares how physical infrastructure has influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria and South Africa. This could be due to the fact that there are no qualified researchers who have been focusing on documenting such research since researchers may view Nigeria and South Africa as developing economies and would rather conduct research on other countries like England or United States of America.The second reason is that the researcher would be able to explore the aim in great detail through the usage of secondary research and secondary data. Nigeria and South Africa were elect because both countries have significant rol es and influence on the African Continent. Kwintessential (2011) states Along with South Africa, Nigeria is considered a super-power in the African continent. Tourists frequently visit Nigeria and South Africa. In 2009/ 2010, more than forty- golf-club million tourers travelled to Africa.The top ten African Countries were Morocco which had nine point twenty-nine million tourists, South Africa had eight point nine million tourists and Nigeria had one point forty-one million tourists (TV3news, 2011). In 2011 Nigerias new President Goodluck Jonathan commissioned twenty-five trains and also in 2011 South Africa manoeuver Minister Sibusiso Ndebele introduced a law called Road Transport Management System (RTMS) which was implemented successfully.Secondary data from 2009, 2010 and 2011 was used because information linked to the Access, Amenities and supplementary Services was available as major events closely linked to Access, Amenities and Ancillary Services occurred in Nigeria and Sou th Africa. Contribution Secondary data would be required since quantitative data, such as statistical figures are of great importance because they are needed in order to effectively support the findings in this dissertation.The 3 As Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services According to Buhalis (2000) there are six As which are Attractions, Accessibility, Amenities, Available Packages, Activities and Ancillary Services however for the purpose of this research, this dissertation will only focus on three As which are Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services as tourists take these three As into consideration when travelling aboard. Accessibility is essential as it enables tourists to travel to visit numerous places within Nigeria and South Africa.Hall et al (2006) refers to Butler (1980) and Wolfe (1952) who believe that accessibility is important seeing that they acknowledge that when accessibility improves an area would experience a growth in tourist numbers. Amenities a re vital since tourists need to stay and sleep in accommodation whilst in Nigeria and South Africa. Bhatia (2006) and Hall (2009) agree that accommodation gives tourists the opportunity to expend some time in a destination.Ancillary Services for instance medical facilities like hospitals are important because tourists may need medical attention so travel insurance is recommended to cover medical emergencies. Cowie (2011) reveals that The Association of British Insurers (ABI) believe there has been an increase in the number of travel insurance claims from holidaymakers specially holidaymakers over the age of sixty-five.