Dance assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Dance assignment - Essay Example He uses such common terms as â€Å"Yankee† to refer to Americans. This portrays the use of slang in the society at the time, a feature that has persisted to date as well. He describes New York as an ideal society where he once had fan especially at the junction of Broadway and 42nd. The intersection was a famous entertainment hub and a social center for the time. The use of ships as the main means of transport at the time makes the song antique thereby succeeding in placing it strategically in the time (Carter 67). Robert Louis "Bob" Fosse was yet another successful choreographer who influenced the development of the art not only in America but also internationally. He was an innovative and the most successful choreographer of the time. He for example won eight Tony Awards for choreography, an unprecedented achievement at the time. Key among his innovations was Redhead in which he fuses more than five dances to come up with a unique piece. The five included a ballet sequence, a gypsy dance and a cancan among other popular moves of the time. Infusing the more than five dance styles is a complicated process that requires dancers to adopt varying positions at various times during the dance. Dancers move sequentially and in rhythmic patterns. At other times, they move freely as they cover the stage space only to pair up once again. They change to sequential slow moves making twists and turns with their bodies depending with the varying crescendos of the song (Beddow 91). Bob Fosse did not only rep resent the life in the American society at the time but also influenced the cultural norms. His creations were both artistic and innovative. He, therefore, portrays the United States as a liberal society, one that fosters innovations. Bob Fosse and George M. Cohan are two distinct individuals who lived in different times. The differences in the social structure influence the differences in the works of the two. They

Summary of Malcolm X Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of Malcolm X - Article Example He remembers that when he was hustling on the street, he was the most influential speaker around. The problem now, is his only means of communicating with the world outside the prison is through writing. So he decided to become a better writer. Malcolm X began by getting a copy of the dictionary and a few blank tablets. He started to copy each page of the notebook until he had copied the entire A section. This exercise taught him new words and kept him busy so he did not dwell on being in prison. He also said that his handwriting improved greatly while doing these exercises. As a result of this new educational regimen, Malcolm X was soon able to be more articulate in his written language. This allowed him to write with confidence. He now was able to write just as powerfully as he could speak. Malcolm X said, â€Å"months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I never had been so truly free in my life.† I like this quote because it shows how liberating education can

Religion Definition Essay Example for Free

Religion Definition Essay 1. What is a religion? You’ve read our textbook author’s definition; use that definition as a starting point to go further. The word â€Å"religion† is such a broad word that to this day there is no one definition that can satisfy all religions. For the time being, it is better to simply be open to many possible definitions, without embracing any single one. Different people especially in different religions will all have a difference in opinion when trying to use very few words to define religion. The traditional definition of religion is a system of belief that involves worship of a God or gods, prayer, ritual, and a moral code. Religion is important to many people because it gives them something to believe in. Religion helps human deal with their mortality. As human beings, we look to religion for answers to life’s unexpected or unknown questions such as death, pain, afterlife, or rebirth. Religion has a way of helping us deal with death and offers comfort. Religion also helps us be creativity and express ourselves through music, dance, and art. It gives us a sense of viewing life as something beautiful and lively. People who have a religion usually are more happy knowing that they life can reflect something of the supernatural that they do not understand. Through art, we get to express how we are feeling on the inside. Many people use music, dance, and art to show others what they cannot express through words. Religion gives them a sense of confident. 2. Discuss some of the characteristics that religions have in common. Some characteristics that religions have in common are: belief system, community, central myths, ritual, characteristic emotional experiences, material expression, and sacredness. Not all religions will consist of all elements but rather some of these characteristics are commonly accepted. Many believe in a worldview were all things in the universe and human being has a place in it. Humans need of belonging helps them seek out for a community where they can belong too and share their ideals and practices. Many religions have this so people can rely on one another. Other characteristics that are shared in religions are passed down from generations to generations through stories or reenactment of major events in the religious group. Each religion has its own myth that is central to the religion. Not only are myths passed down but rituals as well. These beliefs are enacted and made real through ceremonies. Also, ethics are passed down which are set guidelines for the group of people; these are viewed as being revealed through a supernatural realm. Religions also allow people to express themselves emotionally and give a sense of inner peace that cannot come from outer resources. Material expression allows religions to make use of astonishing variety of physical elements. Each religion has a source of sacredness that is distinctive from the ordinary. Ceremonies express the distinction through different language, clothing, and architecture. Each tradition exhibit most of these characteristics but for those who practice them will manifest them in different ways and at different times. 3. In addition to characteristics in common among religions, there are some patterns with regard to beliefs, world views, etc., that are exhibited by most religions. Discuss these patterns. There are three different patterns that we look for to see similarity and difference among religions. The first pattern is views of the world and life. Religions must offer answers to life’s great questions that are asked. All questions are the same, but the answers very depending on the religion. Because of the great variety of worldview each answer is different and must be examined close to get a better understanding of why it is the way it is. Some religion view the universe as being created by a Creator while others believe it has no beginning and no ending. Some view nature as the realm of evil where it needs to be overcome. Others believe that humans are called to shape it. Each view differs from religion to religion. The second pattern is the focus of beliefs and practices. There are three concepts that are practiced, although one may be more dominant than the other depending on the purpose of importance. Sacramental orientation emphasizes carrying out rituals and ceremonies regularly and correctly as the path to salvation. Some believe that correct ritual influences the processes of nature. Prophetic orientation implies that a human being may be an important intermediary between the believer and the sacred. This is prominent in Judaism, Protestant Christianity, and Islam. Mystical orientation seeks union with something greater such as God, nature, the universe, or reality as a whole. Upanishadi Hinduism, Daoism, and some Buddhism stress the importance of this. The third pattern is the view of male and female. As human being the role of men and women are very important and religion has had much to say about the roles of men and women on earth and in the divine realm. Today many influential religions consider the male as dominate; the sacred and full-time religious specialists are usually males. Although this may not be completely true, in the past, female divinities once played an important role in many culture and religion. 4. Having discussed in last week’s Discussion Board postings your own reasons for taking this World Religions course, discuss some of the benefits of studying the major religions of the world cited by our textbook author. Studying the different religions around the world allows for a better understanding of each religion and helps educate and improve one’s experience of other related subjects. When studying other religion it allows insights into the religious traditions such as values, relationships, personalities, and human creativity. Not only that but it gives the outsiders an appreciation for the things that are not obvious to the insider. Other benefits include insight into everyday life. Religions influence everyday life in many ways. Many people use religion for moral issues, on buildings, comic strips. The study of religion with help a person recognizes the religious influence everywhere. For someone who has no religion or is on their religious quest, understanding and studying the many different religions will help them find a place to belong too. Knowledge of the different religion will aid a person in their journey of life. Short Answer Questions: 5. What is the origin and meaning of the word â€Å"religion†? The origin of the word â€Å"religion† comes from the Latin roots re-, meaning â€Å"again,† and lig-, meaning â€Å"join† or â€Å"connect.† The translation would then mean â€Å"to join again,† or â€Å"to reconnect.† This word suggests the joining of our natural, human world to the sacred world. 6. What is the meaning of â€Å"sacred†? Sacred is a God or gods that is set apart because of its holiness. These deities are considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion. 7. Define and contrast monotheism and polytheism. Monotheism is the term that means a belief in one God. Those who believe in God believe that He is all powerful, pure spirit, and not fully definable in words. Polytheism on the other hand means worship of or believing in many coexisting gods. These multiple gods may be fairly separate entities, each in charge of an aspect of reality, or they may be multiple manifestations of the same basic sacred reality. 8. Define and contrast atheism and agnosticism. Atheism is the denial of the existence of any God or gods. Agnosticism is to argue that the existence of God cannot be proven. 9. How are symbols used in religion? Symbols are important in religion because religions are so varied in their teachings and in conflict with each other that symbols help express truth. Symbols are fairly concrete, ordinary, and universal that represents and helps human beings intensely experience something of greater difficulty. 10. What is a sacrament? Give two or three examples of sacraments in a religion with which you are familiar. A sacrament is a religious rite or act seen as way of receiving Gods grace. In some mysterious way God uses physical things to bring about spiritual changes and give His grace. As a Christian, a few sacraments that we hold are: baptism, communion, and fasting. These are all important in receiving God’s grace. 11. Contrast linear and cyclical time in the study of religion. Linear time place an emphasis on creation, religions that believe in this is Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, time is very important. Linear time means moving in a straight line from the beginning of the universe to its end. In cyclical time, the universe simply moves through endless changes, which repeat themselves over grand periods of time. Buddhism believes time is cyclical and is not as crucial because ultimately the universe is not moving to a final point.

Early Roman History Essay -- History

Early Roman History As Greece reached the height of its prosperity Rome which lye slightly to the west slowly began its rise as a civilization. The Greeks centered their culture around Art and literature whereas opposed to the Romans who settled their culture upon warfare and leadership. Without planning, would rise very steadily as an empire. Shortly before Christ most of the surrounding cities and nations were at peace under Rome's rule. Early Romans kept no written records. Their history is so mixed up with fables and myths that historians have difficulty distinguishing fact from fiction. Historians only know of two early works of Roman history, the history of Livy and the Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The old legends say that Romulus founded the city in 753 BC. Romulus was a mythical person, but there is some evidence that the kings who are said to have followed him actually existed. Shortly before 600 BC several Etruscan princes from conquered Rome across the Tiber River. Taraquinius Priscus, the first of the Etruscan kings, drained the city’s marshes. Servius Tullius, the second Etruscan king, made a treaty with the Latin cities, which acknowledged Rome as the head of all Latium. The last king, Tarquinius Superbus, was a tyrant who opposed the people scorned religion. Under the rule of the Etruscans, Rome grew in importance and power. Great temples and impressive public works were constructed. Trade prospered and by the end of the 6...

Fool Chapter 25

TWENTY-FIVE THE KING SHALL BE A FOOL Alas, your humble fool is the King of France. Actually, France, Britain, Normandy, Belgium, Brittany, and Spain. Perhaps more, I haven't seen Cordelia since breakfast. She can be a terror when left to her own devices, but she keeps the empire in working order and I adore her, of course. (As has always been the case.) Good Kent had his lands and title restored, and was also given the title Duke of Cornwall, and the attendant lands and properties. He's retained the black beard and glamour given him by the witches, and seems to have convinced himself that he is younger and more vibrant than the multitude of years he carries on his back. Albany retained his title and lands and signed an oath of fealty to Cordelia and me, and I trust he will be true to it. He's a decent, if dull chap, and without Goneril in his ear, his will be the way of virtue. We've given Curan the title of Duke of Buckingham, and he acts as regent of Britain when we are not on the islands. Edgar took his title as Earl of Gloucester and returned to his home where he buried his father in the walls of the castle temple built to his many gods. He's started his own family and will no doubt have many sons who will grow up to betray him or simply be dolts in the image of their father. Cordelia and I live in a number of palaces around the empire, traveling with an embarrassingly large entourage that includes Bubble and Squeak, as well as Shanker Mary and other loyal staff from the White Tower. I have a crashingly large throne, on which I hold court with Drool on one side (who has been given the title of Royal Minister of Wank), and my monkey, Jeff, on the other. We hear cases of the local farmers and merchants, and I pronounce judgments, damages, and sentences. For a while I allowed monkey Jeff to pronounce sentences while I was off having lunch with the queen, giving him a little plaque with various penalties to which he could point, but that had to stop when I returned one afternoon from a protracted Cordelia bonking to find that the cheeky little bloke had hanged the entire village of Beauvois for cheese violations. (Awkward, that, but the French understand. They are very serious about their cheese.) Most of the time justice can be satisfied with a bit of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and pointed sarcasm, at which, it turns out, I excel, so I am viewed as a fair and just king and much beloved by my people, even the fucking French. We are at our palace in Gascony now, near northern Spain. Lovely, but very dry. I was just saying to froggy Queen Jeff today (he and Queen Burgundy are visiting), â€Å"It's lovely, Jeff, but bloody dry. I'm English, I require dampness. I feel as if I'm drying out and becoming all crackly as we speak.† â€Å"It's true,† Cordelia said. â€Å"He's always gravitated toward the moist.† â€Å"Yes, well, darling, we shan't speak of that in front of Jeff, shall we? Oh, look! Drool has sprouted an erection. Let's ask him what he's thinking about. Had his way with a knotted oak on the way here. A right spectacular tree-shagging it was, too. Knocked down enough acorns to feed the village for a week. They wanted to have a special feast day in honor of the git – declare him god of the tree-shag – more fertility symbols there than you can shake a stick at, innit?† â€Å"C'est la vie,†[47] said Jeff, in perfectly incomprehensible fucking French. Later, as I was holding audiences with the public, there entered the great hall three ancient, bent figures. The witches of Great Birnam Wood. I suppose I'd always known they'd show up at some time or another. Drool ran and hid in the kitchen. Jeff jumped on my shoulder and screeched at them. (Jeff the monkey, not the queen.) â€Å"A year has passed for witches three, And we are here to collect our fee,† said Rosemary, the green, cattoed witch. â€Å"Oh, for fuck's sake, you're on with the rhyming again?† â€Å"A need was filled, a promise made, For service done we must be paid,† the witches chanted in unison. â€Å"Just stop the rhyming,† said I. â€Å"And those rags are entirely too heavy for this climate. You'll get a rash on your warts and carbuncles if you're not careful.† â€Å"You've been made a king and enchanted your true love to be yours forevermore, fool. We only want what is our due,† said Sage, the most warty of the three. â€Å"Rightly so, rightly so,† said I. â€Å"But Cordelia is not enchanted to love me. She is with me of her own free will.† â€Å"Balderdash,† said Parsley, the tall witch. â€Å"We gave you three puffballs for three sisters.† â€Å"Aye, but I used the third to enchant Edgar of Gloucester, so he would fall in love with a laundress at his castle named Emma. Lovely lass with smashing knockers. She'd been mistreated by the bastard brother – only seemed just.† â€Å"Still, the spell was used. We will have our payment,† said Rosemary. â€Å"Of course. I have more treasure than you crones could carry. Gold? Silver? Jewels? But Cordelia doesn't know of all of your manipulations, nor that the ghost was her mother, and she mustn't ever. If you agree, name your reward, I've important kingly things to accomplish and my monkey is hungry. Name your price, crones.† â€Å"Spain,† said the witches. â€Å"Fuckstockings,† said the puppet Jones.

Hamlets Reasons For Not Killing His Uncle, Claudius

â€Å"Why did Hamlet take so long to finally kill Claudius?† Many philosophers have dappled into Shakespeare’s most controversial book. Some looking for answers, and trying to find a deeper understanding as to why Hamlet has hesitation towards the murder of Claudius. Ernest Jones’s pounders with many theories to answer this question in his most famous article, The Oedipus-Complex as An Explanation of Hamlets Mystery: A Study in Motive.† Jones begins with playing off Hamlet’s fears, the idea that maybe Claudius’s crime is just so frightful and unnatural that he could only consider it real with very legitimate evidence. (Jones 78) Jones even starts to boast in the idea that Hamlet’s hesitance is due to some internal conflict between the need to fulfill his task and some special cause of repugnance towards his mother, therefore introducing the Oedipus-Complex. (Jones 84) Finally, leading off with the theory that Hamlet is just simply in capable of making any decision at all. (Jones 76) Ernest started to pounder with the idea that Hamlet is unable to kill Claudius because the thought of his own uncle killing his father is just so frightful and unnatural. (Jones 78) Hamlet writes a play that he believes will expose Claudius as his father’s murderer by simply watching his reaction. In as a result, Claudius responds exactly how Hamlet expected him to yet, he still does not seek revenge on him. (Schaeffer) Jones also goes on to support his reasoning with theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Hamlet 11844 Words   |  4 Pages Why does Hamlet delay taking action against Claudius? This is a question that everyone want to know. We all know that Hamlet want to kill his Uncle Claudius as soon as possible. But why does he wait so long to sweep to his revenge? I believe that there are more than one reason why Hamlet delays before he takes action. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One reason why Hamlet delays to take action against Claudius is because he does not just want to kill him, but he wants to damn his spirit. He hatesRead MoreWhy Hamlet Took to Long to Kill Claudius? Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Hamlet took to long to kill Claudius? Shakespeares drama Hamlet has become a central piece of literature of Western culture. It is the story of a prince named Hamlet, who lost his father. Soon after that he has to confront multiple obstacles and devises a series of situations to defend the new kings royalty. Furthermore, he had to prove that King Claudius, who was the princes uncle, had killed Hamlets father. This story has remained among the most popular and the most controversial playsRead MoreClaudius Character Analysis858 Words   |  4 Pageswrote Hamlet, one of the most popular plays ever written. Claudius causes a war between passion and responsibility when he murders the father of Hamlet, the main character, and then marries Hamlets mother Gertrude. Claudius killed Hamlets father and then married Gertrude only so he could take the crown and become King. Claudius put passion in front of his responsibilities as Hamlets uncle and as a result of Claudius’ actions, Hamlet is forced to find revenge on him for the murder of his fatherRead MoreHamlet Soliloquy Analysis1404 Words   |  6 PagesSoliloquies in Hamlet Soliloquies are used by writers because they offer the reader or audience the opportunity to know more about the character, his true self and inner thoughts, as well as pieces of information that cannot be revealed through a normal conversation between characters. Shakespeare uses this method with his characters very often to provide a deeper understanding of his characters, and Hamlet speak seven of this, being each one necessary and important for the plot development. EachRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1474 Words   |  6 PagesBibliography There are no sources in the current document. Hamed Alanazi English 230 Dec 4, 2015 Hamlet Hamlet, a play written by William Shakespeare is very close to the dramatic conventions of the revenge in Elizabeth era. All the revenge conventions are used in Hamlet which made it a typical revenge play. Hamlet is one of those Elizabethan heroes considered themselves seriously mistreated by an influential figure with having a desire to avenge the crime against their family. Shakespeare learnedRead MoreHamlet : A Classic Revenge Tragedy1103 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is not like any tragedy. Hamlet is a classic revenge tragedy. All the revenge tragedies were popular in England during the late 16th and early 17th. A Shakespearean tragedy is built upon a central conflict which runs through from the beginning to the end of the tragedy until the conflict is finally resolved. The play is built upon the long, tragic conflict between Hamlet and Claudius and the conflict is built upon the figure of revenge. The Driving points that shapes the plot of play areRead MoreThe Search for Truth in Hamlet by William Shakespeare823 Words   |  3 Pages Hamlet will always be well known for his delay in killing Claudius. After the interaction with his fathers ghost. The ghost informes Hamlet that he must get revenge and now kill Claudius. But from the start hesitation was in effect. There are many different theories of why Hamlet delayed revenge the most well know are finding of a perfect moment and him questioning death and the ghost itself. Hamlet was never unfaithful, he always want to go, but that he had never finished thinking the matter outRead MoreEssay on Religion and Morality in Hamlet955 Words   |  4 Pagesand Morality in Hamlet In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the Danish prince sets out to avenge his father’s assassination at the hands of his uncle Claudius, the new king. At first, Hamlet is fragile because of his father’s sudden death and the following marriage of his mother Gertrude and uncle Claudius. Originally contemplating suicide, Hamlet dissuades himself from doing so on the grounds of it being a sin. Shifting from an internal struggle to an external one after he meets his father’s spiritRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet, Prince Of Denmark1584 Words   |  7 Pages The drama Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is a renowned play that was written by William Shakespeare, it portrays love, tragedy, gluttony, and of course vengeance. Hamlet is a character that was perhaps the best dramatic person to be created in such a play. He is, in fact, irresponsible, however careful, polite, yet rude, affectionate, but cruel. People may, in fact, feel that this play is troubling, or maybe overwhelming, on the other hand, William Shakespeare possibly wrote this play over an incidentRead MoreThe Many Identities of Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare680 Words   |  3 PagesThe Many Identities of Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the protagonist, Price Hamlet, uses several ways to defend himself against his oedipal desires, his animosity towards his uncle, as well as his own inner conflict . Hamlets hatred towards Claudius stems from two crimes committed; Claudius murder of his brother and his incest with Hamlets mother. Because of the seriousness of both crimes, as well as the fact that both persons affected are

Investor Perception and Information Disclosed in Financial Reports to the Stock Exchange - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4400 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The new business environment is ever changing and needs lot of expertise to compete effectively. Due to vast development of the capital markets, investors are now giving a great concern to the credibility of the companies in which they are investing. Information disclosure is considered as an indispensable phenomenon for the effectual functioning of securities markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investor Perception and Information Disclosed in Financial Reports to the Stock Exchange" essay for you Create order Due to improper allocation of the resources in the market, the need for added capital values on part of funds provider has increased, in order to attract enough capital for operations and to generate huge profits. Information is considered as a communication bridge between all efficient market associates. Information disclosure gains significant to maintain asymmetry between the investors and management, once they have made a deal (Freedman Stagliano, 2002). To evaluate the nexus among accounting data, relevant information and investors perception is considered as the prime objective of the capital market study. The inconsistency in stock prices and volume of security trades derives the information content of accounting numbers, within a short time span when these are published. However, there is no significant evidence on the impact of information disclosure on investors decision in Pakistan. Schrand Elliott (1998) highlighted the fact that the focus of study of most researches wa s to find the effects of risk; hence they provide little guidance on how investors assess risk and which disclosures can help investors in determining risk. In order to bring pricing efficiency and market confidence the availability, usefulness and adequacy of the relevant information is highly significant. Complete relevant information is considered indispensable for investors to make sound judgments of the value of securities. El-Erian Kumar (1995) and Mobarek Keasey (2000) stated that the fragmentation of capital markets, political and economic instabilities can hinder the efficiency of capital markets. Some other factors like deficiency of corporate information, the lack of auditing experience, and the flaws of regulations and disclosure requirements lead to curtailed vital information. Cassar Friedman (2009) depicted in their study that self efficacy also has a nexus with the investors decision while perceiving risks of the stocks. Self-efficacy describes a persons self-conf idence in his/her ability to accomplish tasks. Self-efficacy has been shown to influence a wide range of individuals behavior. Self efficacy self-efficacy is associated with increased expectations and goals (Bandura, 2001), impacting investment decision (Cassar Friedman, 2009), better academic performance (Luszczynska, Gutià ©rrez-Doà ±a, Schwarzer, 2005) improved work-related performance (Stajkovic Luthans, 1998), greater job search activity (Eden Aviram, 1993), and health-related choices (e.g. Clark Dodge, 1999; McAuley, Courneya, Rudolph, Lox, 1994; Wulfert Wan, 1993). Self-efficacy can be either task-specific, relate to many related tasks within a domain, or be generalized. The focus in this study is on investors self efficacy, which depicts the confidence one has in his/her ability to make sound investment decisions either doing it on entrepreneur basis or on individual basis and to trace out the significance of self efficacy in relevance to the judgment of investors p erception. The main objective of this study is to find out the how information disclosure and investors self efficacy affect investors perception while investing in stocks and taking decisions pertaining to investment in Pakistan. Literature Review Investors Perception Germon Meek (2001) believe that accounting exists because it satisfies a need primarily a need for information. In order to be relevant accounting data must among others, be quick to respond to users (particularly the investors) needs. Generally, investors are not in a situation to directly assess the performance of companies in which they intend to invest. They usually depend on financial reports prepared by the management of such organizations. Financial report is one of the best sources of accounting information about a company. Financial reporting is an essential part of disclosure and helps investor to discover investment opportunities. Studies on the usefulness of interim reporting for investors are limited compared to those of annual reporting. A number of evidence on the usefulness of interim reporting could be gathered from annual report studies. Cerf (1961) provided evidence on the usefulness of interim reporting in the US. In his study on the major sources of financ ial information used by 215 analysts, Cerf (1961) found that analysts named the interim report as one of the main sources of information, alongside with the annual reports, direct contact with management, and brokers studies of corporations and industries. In Malaysia, at least two studies, that is, Izah Zuaini (1995) and Rahman (1998) provided evidence on the use of interim reports by investors. Izah Zuaini (1995) showed that interim reports were, on average, rated third by the financial analysts in making investment decisions, after the annual reports and contacts with the management of a company. Rahman (1998) provided evidence that financial analysts, on average, rated interim reports as the third most important source of information after visits to companies and prospectuses. The annual reports were rated sixth most important source of information by the analysts. Quarterly financial reports were used by professional investors but their usefulness varies across types of in vestors: scanners, trackers, and sophisticates. Different groups of investors perceived usefulness based on their respective needs, Although investors regard quarterly reports as the sixth most useful source of information, usefulness of quarterly reporting remains significant. Annual reports appear to be more useful than quarterly reporting despite the fact that the latter is timely. One explanation is that quarterly reports are not audited thus perceived to be less reliable and susceptible to income manipulation. Another reason is that investors may take some time to familiarize themselves with the nature and role of quarterly reporting, as they have just shifted from half-yearly reporting (Ismail Roy, 2005). Abdelkarim, Shahin Arqawi, (2009) have contributed a lot in assessing the investor perception. They articulate that external users attached a higher level of importance to the profit and loss statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, statement of shareholders equity, management commentary, and footnotes to the financial statements. These results are consistent with the results of previous studies, especially in the Arab region. According to the quality of information, all users consider the timeliness and availability of information as important. They also considered other quality items such as adequacy, credibility, relevancy, and understandability important for their investment decisions. Information users evaluated the companys level of disclosure as poor and weak (Abdelkarim, Shahin and Arqawi, 2009). These results reflect the inadequacy of the information quantity and quality that companies listed at the Palestine Stock Exchange usually disclose. Companies should comply with the minimum international disclosure requirements and timeliness of the disclosure process (Abdelkarim, Shahin and Arqawi, 2009). Another important point to note is that investors considered information related to risk, and investment opportunity, as the mos t important of non-traditional financial information. Net income, share price growth, net cash flow, sales revenue amount, and amount of current liabilities were the most important items that users perceive. Finally, all investors deemed that more quantity and quality of items disclosed by listed companies could create fair stock price value. While examining the multi-user perceptions in a study suggest that investment user who holds finance and/or accounting qualification could perceive information differently from one with an engineering qualification (Abdelkarim, Shahin and Arqawi, 2009). The different user groups considered timeliness, availability, and credibility of relevant information as the most important features of corporate information. The users however, gave less importance to independent verification, as it is considered as contributing features to the usefulness of corporate information. A high degree of importance was attached to disclosure items such as earnings pe r share, investments opportunities, and performance. Despite of financial reports low quality, all information users do find information items disclosed in financial reports as useful for their investment decision-making process. In addition, the most important items were found in the profit and loss statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. Investors Self Efficacy Mavra Bandura (1977) Self-efficacy implies a conscious awareness of ones ability to be effective, to control actions or outcomes. Self-efficacy refers to a persons belief that they can perform tasks and fulfills roles, and is directly related to expectations, goals and motivation (Bandura, 2001). Bandura postulated that an individual characterized by high self-efficacy concerning a specific behavior, would be highly confident in his or her capability to successfully perform the task hence would most likely decide to pursue it, expand effort and pursue the task even while facing difficulties. Investors self efficacy is stated as the belief of investor in his own decision making, confidence while making investment even in difficult scenarios (Bandura, 1986). Cassar Friedman (2009) depicted in their study that self efficacy also has a nexus with the investors decision while perceiving risks of the stocks. Indeed, research on self-efficacy in various contexts has indicated that effic acy beliefs affect performance levels through their influence on ambitious goal setting, efficiency in dealing with problems, investment of effort and persistence (Wood Bandura, 1990; Bandura, 1997). Self-efficacy has been shown to affect a wide range of choices, including work-related performance (Stajkovic Luthans, 1998), small business growth (Baum Locke, 2004; Baum, Locke, Smith, 2001), job search activity (Eden Aviram, 1993), academic performance (Hackett Betz, 1989; Luszczynska et al., 2005), choice of academic major (Hackett, 1985), and career choice (Lent Hackett, 1987). A vital facet of self-efficacy is its level of specificity. Self-efficacy can be completely general at the broadest level (Shearer, Maddux, Mercandante, Prentice-Dunn, Jacobs, Rogers, 1982), referring to confidence about any and all tasks. Whereas, it refers to beliefs about ones confidence in completing one specific task successfully, at the narrowest level. Also most scholars today distinguish betw een two types of self-efficacy: general self efficacy and specific self-efficacy (Shearer, 1981). The former relates to a general belief in ones overall abilities across different situations, and the latter relates to a domain-specific belief in ones ability in a specific area. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) describes a persons confidence about their ability to perform the various tasks and roles relevant to entrepreneurship and related decisions. The use of ESE, rather than general self-efficacy is highly effective in this study, to explain entrepreneurial investment because domain-specific self-efficacy has been shown to have greater impact than general self-efficacy when describing investment choices (Betz Hackett, 1983; Gist, 1987). ESE is not venture-specific; individuals ESE should apply at all entrepreneurial activity regardless of distinctive factors related to each unique venture. More generally, ESE differs from locus of control because self-efficacy refers to belief s about achievable levels of performance or behavior, while locus of control concerns beliefs about the achievements of outcomes in addition to performance levels (Rotter, 1966). Self-efficacy differs from self-esteem because self-esteem is an affective self-evaluation, such as ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢I take a positive attitude towards myself (Rosenberg, 1965), whereas self-efficacy is a judgment about ones capability to complete a task (Gist Mitchell, 1992). Dispositional optimism connotes a generally positive outlook, not a judgment about ones efficaciousness (Puri Robinson, 2007). Core self-evaluation is a construct that encompasses locus of control, generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem and emotional stability (Judge Bono, 2001). This broader construct, due to its abstractness, is not closely related to ESE, except that individuals with high core self-evaluation may be expected to have high ESE, as they would be more likely to have high domain-specific self-eff icacy. Overconfidence has been defined as occurring when individuals overestimate the accuracy of their predictions or more generally when individuals hold excessive confidence in relation to abilities, knowledge, and beliefs (Hayward, Shepherd, Griffin, 2006). However, in this study the emphasis is on investors self efficacy, which depicts the confidence one has in his/her ability to make sound investment decisions either doing it on individual basis or on entrepreneur basis and to trace out the significance of self efficacy in pertaining to the judgment of investors perception. Information Disclosure The association between capital markets accounting information has attracted considerable attention (Ball Brown, 1968). The concentration for this subject is justifiable, given the objective of financial reporting that accounting figures are aimed at providing investors with useful information for their investment decisions. In capital markets, financial information is thought to assist the prediction of firms future cash flows and help investors assess future securities risk and returns. Al-Mubarak (1997) studies of the market reaction to the release of new accounting information that analyze the stock price impact of accounting disclosures in order to determine whether these are useful to market participants. Studies of the long-term association between stock returns and accounting numbers, which examine the extent to which the information conveyed by accounting figures is consistent with that reflected in stock prices. Complementary studies devoted to the use of accounting dat a by investors and to the influence of market considerations on accounting choices. The worthiness of financial reports is in the top research playgrounds nowadays. Some recent studies even report a decreasing trend in the value-relevance of financial statement information in the U.S. over the past decades (Francis Schipper, 1999). Ball and Brown (1968), stated that present accounting literature has well documented the usefulness of accounting earnings, book value and other items in the financial reports. While most of these studies provide evidence that annual report is an important source of information, they also show a low association between accounting numbers and stock prices or returns [Graham and King (2000), Chen (2001)]. Many prior studies empirically establish the usefulness of financial reports or other financial information by the statistical association between the financial information and stock prices or returns. Hodge (2003) suggests that a survey-based research ca n complement the archival-based research in that it gathers data on a multitude of individual beliefs and practices to provide the underlying reasons for investors behavior. The disclosure of relevant corporate information is an essential element of a market-based monitoring of companies. Disclosure and transparency induce corporations to better protect investors, and thereby enhance investors confidence in capital markets. The characteristics of significant, timeliness, correctness and instructive should be present in a good disclosure. In relation to the reliability of disclosed information, companies must adopt internationally recognized accounting and auditing standards, and assure the independence of the audit process. Corporate disclosure has evolved from being solely focused on financial information excerpted predominantly from a firms financial statements. Richardson Welker (2001) highlighted that corporate disclosure is utilized as a strategic tool in risk assessment and t he value creation process, currently. The appearance of complete disclosure strategies that cover all aspects of a firms performance has resulted in the broadening of both the scope and scale of the information released by firms. Disclosure strategies, including economic, social and environmental information, are now a key component of many firms investor communication programs. This evolution in corporate practices appears to be well founded, since empirical findings suggest that an open disclosure policy provides many benefits to a firm, e.g., a lower cost of capital (Botosan and Harris, 2000). Environmental reporting typically occupies a prominent place within the scope of a firms disclosure strategy (Cormier and Magnan, 1999). In Jordan, Abu-Nassar Rutherford (1996) undertook a study to discover the view of external users of annual corporate reports. They targeted different groups of external users, namely individual shareholders, institutional shareholders, bank loan officers, stockbrokers, and academics. They found out that bank loan officers were the heaviest users of the annual reports in Jordan, while individual shareholders and academics were found to be the least. They also found the income statement and balance sheet to be the most widely read parts of the annual corporate report by all users. In Saudi Arabia, Al-Mubarak (1997) confirms that the annual corporate report is the primary source of corporate information and his findings are in line with those found in developed countries. Abdelsalam (1990) reports that the vast majority of respondents indicate that investors read the annual reports and that the profit and loss statement was the most important part of the annual report. Al-Fayyoumi (2003) tested the informational efficiency by analyzing the relationship between trading volume and stock-price volatility. The results provided that investors in the PSE should pay more attention to the fundamental (financial) information in order to improve the rationality of the decision making process. Abdelkarim Shahin (2007) and Abuzarour (2005) used the variance ratio test, developed by Lo and Mackinlay in 1988, and the nonparametric run test, to examine the PSE efficiency and the results provided further evidence that the PSE is weakly efficient. In the context of Palestine, market inefficiency and corporate governance were identified as the main reasons for PSE being a shallow market and the main obstacles for PSE capitalization growth (MAS 2004). Financial disclosure procedures are weak; there is low public awareness about securities, poor investment culture, and poor accounting and auditing procedures. All these factors have negatively affected the performance of the PSE in terms of depth, liquidity, volatility, and trading volume (Jafary Makhool, 2004). While no significant research have been found in this context in the stock exchange and capital market of Pakistan. This identified a need to bridge the gap and to find out the association between these three variables in the scenario of Pakistan capital markets and stock exchanges. Considering the above all mentioned literature, the conclusion can b made that there are no studies to investigate the investors perception towards information disclosure. Because little is known about the stock price behavior in this market, the aim of the study is to study is to find out the impact of financial information disclosure and investors self efficacy on the investors perception. This can be achieved by assessing the perception of users towards the availability, adequacy and usefulness of relevant information disclosed by companies listed at stock exchange in Pakistan. Moreover, the relationship between investors perception and self efficacy is assessed by ambitious goal setting, confident in performing tasks and pursuing tasks with facing difficulties. Methodology A questionnaire survey was designed where respondents were asked to determine the degree of importance of each information item using two questionnaire forms. This survey was conducted both manually and electronically (through emails) to the participants. One questionnaire was measuring the dimensions of information disclosure. It consisted of Likert-type five scales, where (N+) referred to strongly disagree, and (Y+) to strongly agree, and tested statistically to fulfill the objectives of this research. An extensive review of relevant literature was undertaken in order to form a list of the information potentially used by financial statements users, e.g. Taylor (1965), Epstein Pava (1993), Abu-Nassar Rutherford (1996), Ba-owaidan, M. (1994), Bartlett Chandler (1997), Mangena Kinman (2003). Moreover, the dimensions of self efficacy were assessed through a 10-items questionnaire likert scale, in which options ranged from 1 to 4, 1 representing not at all true and 4 representing exactly true. The Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE) was selected as a target location; the individual investors were assessed through these questionnaires form filled in a short span of time. The target groups were asked to indicate their opinion, using the designed scale, in order to achieve authentic results. Hypotheses This study aims to assess the availability, adequacy, and the perceived usefulness of information for investment decisions. Moreover, the impact of investors self efficacy on investors perception through by ambitious goal setting, confident in performing tasks and pursuing tasks with facing difficulties. To smooth the progress of our analysis, the following hypotheses were developed and are tested: Ho: Investors self efficacy has positive impact on investors perception, H1: Investors self efficacy has no impact on investors perception, H2: Information disclosure in financial reports has positive impact on investors perception H3: Information disclosure in financial reports has no impact on investors perception Details of the study The purpose of this study was to test the designed hypothesis in order to find the above mentioned relationship by using statistical tools and running the collected data on SPSS software. This study measured the co relational impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Moreover, the study was done in the non-contrived type of setting in which the field study was done through questionnaire survey. Further this is cross sectional study being done to find out the behavior aspect of investors. The unit of analysis in this study was individuals who were filled the questionnaire about their respective behaviors. The level of interference of the researchers was minimal as it was done in non-contrived setting. Model of the study After reviewing the literature work in detail and analyzing the previous model of the study, a new model was proposed to fill the gap of the previous studies. This model was then designed to depict the aims of the study in a precise way. The model consists of two independent variables which are investors self efficacy information disclosure and one dependent variable investors perception along-with their respective dimensions. The model attached here, vividly depicts the nexus of the variables and the purpose of the study. The final model is as follow: Fig 1: Model of the study Final Questionnaire Questionnaire for Information Disclosure Dear Respondents: Thank you for your willingness to join this survey. Please respond to all the questions in this questionnaire. We understand that the interpretation of the questionnaire and the responding to the questionnaire require a high level of professional judgment. Please check (ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡) the appropriate parentheses or express the extent to which you agree or disagree on the given statement by choosing (circling) one of the following: (Y+) strongly agree, (Y) agree (O) neither agrees nor disagrees (or no opinion), (N) disagree; (N+) strongly disagree. No. Question Mark (ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡) General Information Q 1 Kind of Information Users You Are 1 Individual investor 2 Institutional investor 3 Creditors; (Bank loan officers) 4 Stock brokers 5 Financial analysts 6 Academics Q 2 Information Users by Qualification 1 PhD 2 Masters Degree 3 First degree 4 Professional qualifications 5 Other Q 3 Information Users by Experience (Number of years) 1 Less than 1 year 2 1-5 Years 3 6-10 Years 4 Above 10 Years Q 4 Information Users by Industry Focus 1 Telecommunications 2 Insurance companies 3 Banks 4 Investment Management Companies 5 Pharmaceuticals 6 Services 7 Industrial Q5 Investors By Amount of Money Invested 1 Nothing 2 Less than 100,000 3 Between 100,000 249.999 4 Between 250,000 499,999 5 Between 500,000 999,999 6 More than 100,000 Investors Perception Q6 Investors Goals Y+ Y O N N+ 1 Safety of capital 2 Steady income 3 Speculative gains 4 Investment opportunity Q7 Kind of Analysis usefulness to predict future stock value 1 Political analysis 2 Macroeconomic analysis 3 Technical analysis 4 Fundamental (Financial) analysis 5 Statistical analysis 6 No Analysis, Imitation other investors Q 8 Users View towards various sources of information 1 PSE Market statistics 2 Corporate financial reports 3 Advice of investment services (Specialists) 4 Advice of stockbrokers 5 Direct information from the company 6 Investors own analysis 7 Market rumors, and adages Q 9 Users Readership of the corporate reports 1 Balance sheet 2 Profit and loss statement 3 Cash flow statement 4 Footnotes to the financial statements 5 Statement of shareholders equity 6 Management commentary 7 Auditors report Q 10 Users evaluating of the of corporate disclosure quality 1 Timeliness 2 Availability of specific information 3 Understandability 4 Credibility 5 Easy access to sources of information 6 independent verification Information Disclosure Q 11 Level of disclosure by companies Y+ Y O N N+ 1 In Management Commentary Section 2 In Income Statement section 3 In Balance Sheet Section 4 In Cash Flow Statement Section 5 In Segmental Information Section 6 In Accounting Policies and Notes Q 12 Users view about usefulness of information 1 Provide primary information to investors to help them in making investment decisions 2 Provide information to help investors to monitor their investment 3 To predict expected income and earnings per share 4 To help investors in assessing liquidity of the company 5 To predict future dividend of the company 6 To evaluate companys performance over time 7 To make comparison between companies performance Q 13 Importance of Non Traditional Information 1 Information Related to Risk 2 Business opportunity 3 Social Responsibility Information 4 Market regulation Q 14 Importance of Non Financial Information 1 Execution of Corporate Strategy 2 Corporate product or service Creation 3 Kind of management, especially directors 4 Customer Satisfaction 5 Indication of employee morale and Satisfaction 6 Quality of Processes 7 Environmental Social Policies 8 Industrial sector Sustainability 9 Organizational and functional structure 10 Corporate governance 11 Company profile 12 Competitor Position 13 Quality of Published Materials 14 Voluntary disclosure 15 Disclosure by the website Usefulness of Financial Reports Q 15 Usefulness of Financial Reports, Items 1 Net cash flow 2 Gross and disaggregated value of current liabilities 3 Gross and disaggregated amount of shareholders equity 4 Capital structure 5 Share price growth 6 Strategies of Profit 7 Current research and development expenditure 8 Sales revenue amount 9 Dividend per share for the period 10 Sales growth expected 11 Gross and disaggregated value of current assets 12 Discussion of results with reasons for changes 13 Number and amount of authorized and issued shares 14 Overall financing costs 15 Net assets book value 16 Money resources and uses 17 Description of the company main product or services 18 Inventories value and method used to determine the cost of (e.g. LIFO, FIFO) 19 Working capital Expenditure last five year 20 Discussion of Increase or decrease of Expenditure 21 Discussion of Increase or decrease of revenues 22 Expenditure on advertising and publicity for the past years 23 Discussion of financial strength of the company 24 Breakdown of borrowings (e.g. lending institution, date of maturity, security) 25 Information relating to investments (e.g. names, percentage, ownership) 26 Summary of net sales for at least the most recent five years 27 Current market value of quoted investments 28 Revenue recognition method 29 Future economic outlook of the company 30 Breakdown of sales revenue by major product line, class of customer and geographical location 31 Expenditure on human resources (e.g. training, welfare facilities) 32 Basis of accounting methods used, and any change 33 Discussion of the major factors likely influence following years results 34 Analysis of sales revenue and earnings attributable to foreign operations 35 Information relating to subsidiaries (e.g. names, addresses, percentage ownership) 36 Forecast of following years profits 37 Number and type of ordinary shareholders (e.g. institutions, individuals) 38 Information relating to past five balance sheet events 39 Net income 40 Total public and management expenditure Questionnaire for Self Efficacy Self efficacy represents how much you are aware of your abilities to be effective, to control an action or a situation while performing tasks. Please rate each statement in terms of how true it is of you. Please tick only one response for each question according to the following keys. 1= not at all true, 2= barely true, 3= moderately true, 4= exactly true S.No Statement 1 2 3 4 1 It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals. 2 If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution. 3 I can usually handle whatever comes my way. 4 I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events. 5 I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort. 6 When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions. 7 I can always manage to solve different problems if I try hard enough. 8 Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations. 9 If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want. 10 I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities.